1. Ch. 1 Organization & General Plan of the Body

2. Introduction Anatomy – study of body structure
Physiology – study of body function

4. Levels of Organization
Fig. 1-1
Chemicals
Inorganic – simple molecules made of one or 2 elements other than carbon (usually)
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, iron, calcium, sodium
Organic – very complex molecules containing carbon and hydrogen
carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids

5. Levels of Organization
Cells – smallest living units of structure & function
Tissues – group of cells with similar structure & function
Epithelial – cover or line body surfaces
Connective – connect and support body parts
Muscle – bringing about movement
Nerve – generate & transmit impulses that regulate body functions

6. Levels of Organization
Organ – group of tissues that perform specific functions
Organ systems – group of organs that perform a specific function
Table 1-1, Fig. 1-2

9. Metabolism & Homeostasis
Metabolism – all the chemical reactions (rxns) & physical processes within the body
Homeostasis – maintaining a relatively stable metabolism and functioning normally despite constant changes

10. Terms of Location & Position
Table 1-2, Table 1-3
Anatomic position – standing up, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet apart

12. Body Cavities & Their Membranes
2 major cavities
Dorsal (posterior)
Ventral (anterior)
Each of these has further subdivisions (Fig. 1-5)

14. Dorsal Cavity Contains central nervous system (CNS)
Brain & spinal cord (CNS)
Cranial cavity & spinal cavity
Meninges - membranes lining cavities & covering CNS

15. Ventral Cavity Consists of 2 compartments separated by the diaphragm
Thoracic cavity
Abdominal cavity
*Pelvic cavity may be considered a subdivision of the abdominal cavity or as a separate cavity

16. Ventral Cavity Thoracic cavity includes the heart, lungs
Pleural membranes
Parietal pleura – lines chest wall
Visceral pleura – covers lungs
Pericardial membranes – for heart
Parietal pericardium – lines pericardial sac
Visceral pericardium – covers heart

17. Ventral Cavity Abdominal cavity liver, stomach, intestines Membranes
Peritoneum – lines entire abdominal wall
Mesentery – continuation of peritoneum; folds around, covers outer surfaces of abdominal organs
Pelvic cavity – inferior to abdominal cavity
bladder, reproductive organs

18. Planes & Sections
Plane – imaginary flat surface separating 2 portions of the body or an organ (Fig. 1-6)

20. Planes & Sections
Section – a cut to make structures easily visible (Fig. 1-6)
Types of sections
Frontal (coronal) – separates body into front & back
Sagittal – separates body into right & left; midsagittal creates equal right/left halves
Transverse- separates body into upper & lower portions

21. Planes & Sections
Cross-section – plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
Longitudinal section – plane along the long axis of an organ
See Fig. 1-6

22. Areas of the Abdomen
Quadrants –transverse plane and midsagittal plane that cross at the umbilicus; divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants
Used most frequently
Nine areas – 2 transverse planes and 2 sagittal planes divide abdomen into 9 areas
Fig. 1-7