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CAPITALIZATION Capitalize mom, dad, grandpa, aunt, etc. only in a direct address or if it’s used as a title. Dad, Grandma Hepler likes it, but my mom and my Aunt Sally do not. Capitalize only courses with numbers or that are languages. I have Algebra 2, French, and social studies, but not gym. Capitalize the points of a compass only when referring to a region, not a direction. Ed is from the South, from the northeast section of the city. Capitalize all important words in a title (not articles, preps, or conjunctions unless they are the first or last words). Three of my favorite books are And Then There Were None, Into the Wild, and Of Mice and Men.
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POSSESSIVES If the word is singular –add ‘s regardless of how it ends. If the words is plural and end is s –simply add ‘. If the word is plural and doesn’t end in s (called irregulars) –add ‘s. When making a compound once, you only need to make the last possessive.
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Plurals –elementary school
*To form the plural of most nouns, just add “s” *When a singular noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, you add “es”. *When the singular noun ends in consonant –y, you change the y to “i” and add “ies”. When it’s vowel -y, just add “s”. *When a singular noun ends in o, you add “s” or “es”. *For most nouns ending in f or fe, change the f to “v” and add “s” or “es”. Of course there are always words that follow no pattern. We refer to these as irregulars.
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PLURALS –grade level To form the plural of a compound noun written as one word, change the last word in the compound to its plural form. Otherwise change the most important word to the plural form. For some unique Latin words, they follow a traditional Latin pattern. If a Latin word ends in a, change it to “ae”. If a word ends in us, change it to i. A lesser known rule is that apostrophes can pluralize non-words -“Non-words” refers to letters, numbers, symbols, and words that need help to pluralize.
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PLURALS –grade level examples
Ex. snowman becomes snowmen brother-in-law becomes brothers-in-law Ex. alumnus becomes alumni fungus becomes fungi Ex. She earned three A’s and two B’s on her report card. I have no 5’s in my phone number, but I do have a couple 2’s. I get tired of seeing &’s used in place of the word and. No if’s, and’s, or but’s about it, I am going to win! ***In the ultra rare case, if I need to make one of these plurals possessive, still only use one apostrophe. Ex. The two ‘s circumferences were a total of 3.5 feet.
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#9 essential knowledge While the world will not end if you incorrectly capitalize algebra, you must know how to pluralize and make words possessive –knowing the difference between baby, babies, baby’s, and babies’.
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#9 Background Understanding
Singular noun Plural noun Singular possessive Plural possessive Pickle Dish Sandwich Strawberry Toy $ snowman *buffalo *chief
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#9 Transfer to writing (context)
Timmy asked his Mom for a few dollars to go buy Tuesdays With Morrie since he loves all of Mitch Albom’s books. The loafs of bread were almost done baking. We will take all dozen to the childrens’ orphanage for their food drive. We plan on donating about five boxen of non-perishables as well.
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Activity 7 Alumna (Latin) Alumnus (Latin) Attorney General Spirit Day
Singular noun Plural noun Singular possessive Plural possessive Activity 7 Alumna (Latin) Alumnus (Latin) Attorney General Spirit Day Glass* Pistachio* Daisy Toothpaste* Church Venom* Goose* Mouse (as in computer) Thief* Staff*
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Glass (plates) or glasses (cups) Glass’s
Singular noun Plural noun Singular possessive Plural possessive Activity Activities Activity’s Activities’ 7 7’s Alumna (Latin) Alumnae Alumna’s Alumnae’s Alumnus (Latin) Alumni Alumnus’s Alumni’s Attorney General Attorneys general Attorney General’s Attorneys general’s Spirit Day Spirit days Spirit Day’s Spirit dayss Glass* Glass (plates) or glasses (cups) Glass’s Glass’s (plates) or glasses’ (cups) Pistachio* Pistachios Pistachio’s Pistachios’ Daisy Daisies Daisy’s Daisies’ Toothpaste* Toothpaste or toothpastes Toothpaste’s Toothpaste’s or toothpastes’ Church Churches Church’s Churches’ Scarf* Scarves Scarf’s Scarves’ Goose* Geese Goose’s Geese’s Mouse (as in computer) Mouses Mouse’s Mouses’ Thief* Thieves Thief’s Thieves’ Spoof* Spoofs Spoof’s Spoofs’
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Cherry Box Deer* Father-in-law Value meal Sport Basketball hoop Trio*
Singular noun Plural noun Singular possessive Plural possessive Cherry Box Deer* Father-in-law Value meal Sport Basketball hoop Trio* Domino* Tooth* Foot* Class Phone Butterfly Formula (Latin) @
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Cherry Cherries Cherry’s Cherries’ Box Boxes Box’s Boxes’ Deer* Deer
Singular noun Plural noun Singular possessive Plural possessive Cherry Cherries Cherry’s Cherries’ Box Boxes Box’s Boxes’ Deer* Deer Deer’s Father-in-law Fathers-in-law Father-in-law’s Fathers-in-law’s Value meal Value meals Value meal’s Value meals’ Sport Sports Sport’s Sports’ Basketball hoop Basketball hoops Basketball hoop’s Basketball hoops’ Trio* Trios Trio’s Trios’ Domino* Dominos or dominoes Domino’s Dominos’ or dominoes’ Tooth* Teeth Tooth’s Teeth’s Foot* Feet Foot’s Feet’s Class Classes Class’s Classes’ Phone Phones Phone’s Phones’ Butterfly Butterflies Butterfly’s Butterflies’ Formula (Latin) Formulae Formula’s Formulae’s @ @’s
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