1. Introduction to Anatomy
Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy
Expanded Studies

2. OBJECTIVES Anatomical Terminology Planes of section Body cavities
Abdominopelvic cavities
Organ & organ systems
Rat dissection

3. Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!
REMINDER:
Anything in the OBJECTIVES list can be on the Practical!

4. Objective 1 Anatomic Terminology
The language of ANATOMY

5. Describe the anatomical position:
the body is erect
the feet are on the floor
toes forward
upper appendages are at the sides
palms forward
face forward

6. APPENDICULAR DIVISION
Regional Terms
Used to designate specific body areas
AXIAL DIVISION
(Torso)
APPENDICULAR DIVISION
(Limbs)

7. Frontal Otic Occipital Cervical Orbital Acromial Oral Scapular Mammary
“In FRONT of it ALL”
Occipital
Ox - sip it - alll
Otic
Oh – tic
(Tic-Toc)
Cervical
Sir - Vickle
Orbital
“Eye ORB”
Orbit - all
Acromial
A–crow-meal
A-chrome-eel
Ache-row-me-all
Oral
Oral speech
Scapular
Scapula bone
S-cap-yule-la
Skab-pew-la
Mammary
Mammillary glands
Ma’am Mary
Axillary
Axel-airy
Brachial
Break-ye-all
Olecranal
Olé-crane-all
“head of the elbow”
Antebrachial
Ante (anterior)
Palmar
Palm of the hand
Pollux
Poll-lucks
Manus
MANual
Digital
Dig-it-all
Coxal
Cocks-all
“Ox COX box”
Carpal
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Car-pool
Femoral
Femur bone
Fee-more
Popliteal
Pop-lit-tea-all
Patellar
Patella bone
Pa-tell-her
Sural
Sir-all
Crural
That’s a “cruel” word to pronounce
Peroneal
Per-O’Neal
Fibular
Fibula bone
Fib-you-liar
Calcaneal
Calcaneus bone
Cal-can-heal
CALLus-can-heal
Call-Cain-ye-all
Tarsal
Tarsal bones
Tar-sell
Pedal
Bike PEDAL
Digital
Dig-it-all

8. (Think of the statue of The Thinker w/ hand on chin)
Nasal
NASAL sound
Mental
(Think of the statue of The Thinker w/ hand on chin)
Buccal
“Buckle”
Vertebral
VERTEBRAL column
Thoracic
Thoracic Cavity
Thor-’acid’
Sternal
Sternum bone
Stir-’n-um
Lumbar
LUMBAR support
Antecubital
ANTErior
CUbe
Abdominal
Abdomen
Sacral
SACRed
Umbilical
Umbilical cord
Pelvic
Pelvis
Gluteal
Gluteus maximus
Glue-tea-all
Pubic
Self-explanatory
Inguinal
“PenGUIN”
Perineal
Per-any-all
Plantar
PLANT the foot down
Hallux
Hal-lucks

9. 1 13 9 15 2 10 16 3 4 17 5 18 14 6 11 19 7 12 20 8 21

10. Directional Terms
Directional terms are used to describe the position of one structure relative to the position of another structure.
Directional terms always assume that the body is in the anatomic position.

11. Superior: above Inferior: below
Cranial (Cephalic): toward the head Caudal: toward the tail
The head is The bladder is
superior to the neck inferior to the stomach.
The normal birth position for a A caudal epidural is an injection
human baby is cephalic at the base of the spine.

12. Anterior: front Posterior: behind
Ventral: belly side Dorsal: backside
A tumor was found on the The posterior surface of the
ventral side of the stomach human leg is its dorsal surface.
What is the position of the gluteal region to the inguinal region?
Posterior
What is the position of the sternum (breast bone) to the spine?
Anterior

13. superficial (external) to
Superficial (External): toward the surface of the body
Deep (Internal): away from the surface of the body
Superficial (External) Deep (Internal)
superficial (external) to
The skin is the bones.
The brain is the skull.
deep (internal) to

14. Medial Lateral Intermediate
Medial: toward the midline Lateral: away from the midline Intermediate: between a medial and a lateral structure
Medial Lateral
Intermediate
* Is the ear medial or lateral to the eye?
* What is the eye to the nose and ear?
Intermediate

15. Proximal: toward the origin of a body part or attachment to the trunk
Distal: away from the origin of a body part or its attachment to the trunk
Proximal Distal
Would the region of the femur (thigh bone) closest to the tibia (shin) be the proximal or distal end of the femur?
* See skeleton

16. Another look…
(Ventral)

17. Superior Dorsal = Above = Backside Front Behind Anterior Cranial
Note how some directional terms are applied differently to quadrupeds. (Difference between Superior and Cephalic, for example)
Superior
Dorsal
= Above
= Backside
Front
Behind
Anterior
Cranial
(Cephalic)
Posterior
Caudal
the tail
the head
Inferior
Ventral
= Below
= Bellyside

18. Biped vs. Quadruped SUPERIOR P A O N S T T E E R R I I O INFERIOR
CEPHALIC
CEPHALIC
DORSAL P O S T E R I A N T E R I O
VENTRAL
CAUDAL
DORSAL
VENTRAL
CAUDAL
INFERIOR

19. Objective 2 Planes (Sections)
An organism or organ can be cut (sectioned) along defined planes.
These planes are:
Sagittal (para, mid)
Transverse
Frontal / Coronal

20. Midsagittal would show the heart
Sagittal: divides a structure into right and left portions
Midsagittal: produces equal right and left portions
Parasagittal: produces unequal right and left portions
Head
Midsagittal
Thorax, female
Parasagittal
Midsagittal would show the heart
Midsagittal (Median)
Parasagittal
Sagittal = Side

21. Transverse:. divides a structure into superior and inferior portions;
Transverse: divides a structure into superior and inferior portions; also called a horizontal, or cross section
Brain
Thorax
Transverse = Top & Bottom

22. Frontal:. divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions;
Frontal: divides a structure into anterior and posterior portions; also called coronal
Brain
Thorax
Frontal = Front & Back

23. Identify the plane of section of each:
Transverse /
Horizontal /
Cross section
Frontal
(Mid)sagittal
Frontal
If you do not understand this one, please see the diagrams of the heart in your Textbook, Ch. 18.

24. Objective 3a Body Cavities
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains organs (viscera).
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity
There are two major body cavities:
Dorsal Cavity
Ventral Cavity

25. Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity which houses the
Dorsal Cavity: Includes the cranial cavity which houses the brain and the spinal (vertebral) cavity which houses the spinal cord
Cranial cavity
contains brain
Cranial
cavity
Vertebral
cavity
Vertebral cavity
contains spinal cord

26. Ventral Cavity: includes the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic cavity
Thoracic
cavity
contains
heart
and lungs
Abdominopelvic
cavity

27. Abdominopelvic Cavity: is subdivided into the
Abdominopelvic Cavity: is subdivided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities
Abdominal cavity
contains digestive
viscera
Pelvic cavity
contains bladder,
reproductive organs,
and rectum

28. Pelvic and Abdominal cavities
The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated from one another by the respiratory diaphragm
The abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity are separated from one another by an imaginary line called the pelvic inlet
The boundaries of this imaginary line are the bones that make up the pelvis
Pelvic inlet
Pelvic cavity

29. The Pelvic Inlet

30. Ventral Cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity Thoracic Cavity Pelvic Cavity
Superior to the diaphragm
Viscera there include the
heart, lungs, thymus gland,
trachea, esophagus
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Inferior to the diaphragm
Pelvic Cavity
Viscera there include
The urinary bladder,
Internal organs of
Reproduction, urethra
(in women), and
Some portions of the
Large intestine
Abdominal Cavity
Viscera there include
The stomach, liver,
Gall bladder, spleen,
Pancreas, kidney,
Ureters, small
Intestine, and most
Of the large intestine

31. Objective 3b Abdominopelvic Regions

32. The abdomen is divided into 9 regions by four imaginary lines, two vertical and two horizontal.
EPI = upon
GASTR = stomach
HYPO = below
beneath
CHONDRO = cartilage
LUMBAR = loins
(3-D)
ILIUM = upper pelvis

33. In which abdominopelvic region(s) does each organ reside?
Liver
Spleen
Gall bladder
Left Kidney
Vermiform appendix
Testis
Not inside the ventral cavity

34. Objective 4 ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS

35. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.
See Textbook for answers

36. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

37. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

38. Can you identify these body systems? What is their function?
Name two organs in each system.

39. Objective 5 RAT DISSECTION
Many of the external and internal structures of the rat are quite similar in structure and function to those of the human, so a study of the gross anatomy of the rat should help you understand our own physical structure.

40. The rat will be on the practical, too
Yes -
The rat will be on the practical, too

41. Some structures you will be identifying:
Cavity?
Thoracic
Cavity?
Abdominal
Different from human body: Pay attention to:
- Thymus gland Respiratory Diaphragm
- Cecum & Large intestine Serous membrane
- Uterine horns Mesentary

42. Respiratory Diaphragm 3 ?
Thymus Gland
1 ?
(Right) Lung
Heart
Respiratory Diaphragm
3 ?
Liver
2 ?
Stomach
Intestines
Uterine horn
(pregnant)

43. trachea esophagus ascending aorta Superior vena cava heart lung lung
1 ?
ascending aorta
2 ?
Superior vena cava
heart
lung
lung

44. 1 ?
pancreas
2 ?
(small)
cecum
(large)
     

45. 2 ? 3 ? 1 ? urinary bladder ovary uterine horn Vas deferens
body of uterus
urinary bladder
2 ?
testis

46. Got all that?
Time to practice….

47. Identify the anatomical region indicated
Sample Questions
Identify the anatomical region indicated ?
Antecubital

48. Sample Questions proximal Identify the directional term
The patellar region is ________________ to the tarsal region.

49. Identify the (1) organ, (2) organ system and its (3) plane of section
Sample Questions
Identify the (1) organ, (2) organ system and its (3) plane of section
Kidney 1.
Urinary 2.
Frontal 3.

50. Identify the organ and the specific cavity it resides in
Sample Questions
Identify the organ and the specific cavity it resides in
Spinal Cord
Vertebral

51. Identify the abdominopelvic region
Sample Questions
Identify the abdominopelvic region
Right Hypochondriac

52. Sample Questions
Identify the organs
Adrenal gland 2 1
Kidney