1. Created by Article II of the Constitution
QUALIFICATIONS
PRESIDENTIAL
ROLES
PRESIDENTIAL
POWERS
THE EXECUTIVE
BRANCH
Created by Article II of the Constitution
EXECUTIVE
OFFICES
VICE PRESIDENTS
DUTIES
PRESIDENTIAL
SUCCESSION

2. PRESIDENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS
TO BE THE PRESIDENT YOU MUST FILL ALLOF THE FORMAL REQUIREMENTS.
AGE 35
CITIZENSHIP
NATURAL BORN
U.S. CITIZEN
RESIDENCY
HAVE LIVED IN THE U.S. AT LEAST 14 YEARS

3. POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT
MILITARY
POWERS
EXECUTIVE
POWERS
LEGISLATIVE
POWERS
DIPLOMATIC
POWERS
JUDICIAL
POWERS

4. EXECUTIVE POWERS
EXECUTIVE POWERS ARE THOSE POWERS THE PRESIDENT HAS AND USES TO MAKE SURE THAT FEDERAL LAW IS CARRIED OUT. THEY INCLUDE:
EXECUTING
THE LAW
APPOINTING POWER
ORDINANCE POWER
REMOVAL POWER

5. EXECUTING THE LAW
THE PRESIDENT HAS THE JOB, RESPONSIBILITY AND DUTY TO MAKE SURE THAT ALL LAWS ARE ENFORCED AND ADMINISTERED, AS PER THE CONSTITUTION:
ARTICLE II, SECTION 1, CLAUSE 8 (THE PRESIDENTIAL OATH)
ARTCLE II, SECTION 3, CALLED THE “TAKE CARE” POWER

6. The ORDINANCE POWER
* The President has the power to issue executive orders.
*An EXECUTIVE ORDER is a directive, rule, or regulation that has the effect of law. While the order is not an actual law, it is treated like one.
*This power is given to the President from two sources: the Constitution and Congress.

7. THE APPOINTING POWER
The President has the power to appoint nearly three million federal civilian employees.
Once the President receives the consent of the Senate, he appoints most of the top-ranking officials in the Federal Government.
SENATORIAL COURTESY – Presidential Appointments Need Appointees Home Senators Approval
Some examples are: federal judges, cabinet members, heads of independent agencies, and officers of the military.

8. THE REMOVAL POWER
*The President can remove anyone from office who he has appointed.
*The only restriction on this power is that the President cannot remove Supreme Court Justices from the bench.
*Three major reasons for removal are: inefficiency in office, neglect of duty, or inappropriate behavior.

9. POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
DIPLOMATIC POWERS
THE PRESIDENTS DIPLOMATIC POWERS ARE AMONG HIS MOST POWERFUL. THEY INCLUDE:
POWER TO MAKE TREATIES
POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
POWER OF RECOGNITION

10. POWER TO MAKE TREATIES
*treaty=formal agreement between two or more sovereign states
*The President usually negotiates treaties through the Secretary of State.
*The Senate must give approval for these international agreements with a 2/3 vote.

11. POWER OF EXECUTIVE AGREEMENTS
Executive Agreements are like treaties in that they are agreements between the President and foreign leaders or their subordinates. They are different in that they do not require the approval of the Senate. They usually stem out of previous legislation, or a previous treaty.

12. THE POWER OF RECOGNITION
*The President, representing the United States, acknowledges the legal existence of that country and its government.
*This recognition is not permanent. It can change with revolutions or changes in government.
*This recognition can make or break the survival of a new country.

13. MILITARY POWERS
*During wartime, the President can make critical decisions that he feels is necessary for wartime AS COMMANDER IN CHIEF.
*The President also has the power to send troops into combat, without approval by Congress. This is referred to as undeclared war.
*Finally, the President can use troops for domestic peace within the United States.

14. LEGISLATIVE POWERS
*The President possesses the power to submit OR RECOMMEND ideas to Congress.
*The President gives a “State of the Union” address each year, where he presents ideas for new legislation to Congress.
THE PRESIDENT ALSO HAS:
THE POWER OF VETO
*FINALLY THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO CALL SPECIAL SESSIONS OF CONGRESS IF A PRESSING MATTER OCCOURS.

15. THE POWER OF VETO
*When a bill is presented to the President, he can do one of four things:
1. Sign it and pass the law,
2. Veto the law,
3. While Congress is in session, he can not touch the bill and it will pass in 10 days
4. Pocket veto, or while Congress is not in session, he can not touch the bill and it will not pass.

16. JUDICIAL POWERS
ACCORDING TO ARTICLE II, SECTION 2, CLAUSE 1 THE PRESIDENT HAS THE POWER TO ISSUE:
PARDON – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS LEGAL FORGIVENESS FOR A CRIME
AMNESTY – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A PARDON FOR A LARGE GROUP OF PEOPLE REPRIEVE – ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS POSTPONING A SENTENCE COMMUTATION- ISSUED BY THE PRESIDENT IT IS A REDUCTION OF A SENTENCE

17. ROLES OF THE PRESIDENT CHIEF EXECUTIVE CHIEF DIPLOMAT CHIEF LEGISLATOR
CITIZEN
COMMANDER
IN CHIEF
CHIEF OF
STATE
CHIEF OF
PARTY
CHIEF
ADMINISTRATOR

18. CHIEF EXECUTIVE
The president is the chief executive, empowered to administer
the laws and affairs of the nation. While the president does not
make the laws, his agencies have the responsibility and authority to carry out the laws.
Examples in this role
1. Appointing the head of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
2. Holding a Cabinet meeting to discuss government business.
3. Reading Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reports on the
state of national security
1. Which recent executive orders have impacted the state of the
nation?
2. What article in the Constitution grants the president executive
power?

19. CHIEF DIPLOMAT
Being a diplomat involves interacting with leaders from other
nations. The president takes the lead in foreign relations by
associating with foreign leaders and, along with the help of
Congress, develops a foreign policy with other nations.
Examples in this role
1. Traveling to London to meet with the British prime minister.
2. Working with leaders in the Middle East in an effort to create
a peace plan for the region.
1. Which foreign leaders has the president recently hosted at the
White House? Which nations has the president recently visited?
2. What have been the motivating reasons for these visits?
3. Which countries have been traditional allies of the United
States? Do these friendly relationships remain strong today?

20. CHIEF LEGISLATOR
Though the president cannot make laws, he can voice his own
ideas and opinions to Congress while they draft legislation.
He does this through speeches promoting his agenda and by
meeting with Congress to discuss policies.
Examples in this role
1. Signing or vetoing a bill passed by Congress.
2. Working to get enough House or Senate votes for a bill to be
passed through each respective house.
3.Making a speech in Congress.
1. Name one controversial piece of legislation that the president
has pushed through Congress.
2. How has the president pushed his plan for healthcare?

21. CHIEF OF STATE
The president's role as chief of state is to represent the United States at public events. This is mainly a ceremonial role that allows the president to promote/convey/represent American values and acknowledge others who do the same.
Examples in this role
1. Awarding medals to students receiving academic honors.
2. Congratulating astronauts upon their return from space travel.
3. Greeting visitors to the White House.
4. Delivering the State of the Union Address.
1. When has a president visited U.S. cities in distress?
2. How would a president play the role of chief of state during
wartime?

22. COMMANDER IN CHIEF
The president is the commander-in-chief of the U.S. armed forces. That means all of the military leaders report to and take orders from the president. The president performs this duty as a civilian, someone who is not in military service.
Examples in this role
1. Inspecting a Navy yard.
2. Deciding, in wartime, whether to bomb foreign cities.
3. Calling out the National Guard to stop a riot.
1. What is the benefit of having a civilian who is an elected public official as the commander-in chief?
2. What might be some of the drawbacks?

23. CHIEF OF PARTY
In this role, the president helps members of his political party get elected or appointed to office. The president campaigns for those members who have supported his policies. At the end of a term the president may campaign for reelection with his party’s support.
Examples in this role
1. Choosing leading party members to serve in the Cabinet.
2. Traveling to California to speak at a rally for a party nominee to the U.S. Senate.
1. To what political party does the current president belong?
2. In what ways can a sitting president work on behalf of his party?
3. In what ways can the president's party continue to work on his
behalf?

24. CHIEF ADMINISTRATOR
The president also has to be the chief administrator, meaning
to manage the fifteen executive depts. and federal agencies,
such as NASA, and to help carry out those policies. Being the
chief administrator is an enormous task because the executive
departments employ around 1.8 million employees every year.
Even millions more are employed by the postal service and
other government agencies

25. CHIEF CITIZEN
This role of the President infers that he is the moral leader
and figurehead of the United States.
As a representative of the nation's people, the president
automatically assumes the role of its chief citizen, or
popular leader. This role requires that the president
maintains a certain trust with the people, since it is his/her
duty to work for the public interest. In addition, the
president must place the nation's best interests above the
interests of any one group or citizen. Some examples are
educating citizens on important issues, leading by example,
and concentrating on issues that affect American citizens.

26. EXECUTIVE OFFICES
“The President’s right arm”as it is referred to is the several offices that are staffed by the President’s closest advisors, and are designed to help the President make, and enforce policy. They include:
NATIONAL
SECURITY
COUNCIL
OFFICE OF
MANAGEMENT
AND BUDGET
OFFICE OF
NATIONAL DRUG
CONTROL POLICY
COUNCIL OF
ECONOMIC
ADVISORS
CABINET
OTHERS

27. NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL
The National Security Council is the President's principal forum for considering national security and foreign policy matters with his senior national security advisors and cabinet officials. Since its inception under President Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the President's principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies.

28. OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT AND BUDGET
OMB's predominant mission is to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies. In addition, OMB oversees and coordinates the Administration's financial management, information, and regulatory policies.

29. OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY
The principal purpose of ONDCP is to establish policies, priorities, and objectives for the Nation's drug control program. The goals of the program are to reduce illicit drug use, manufacturing, and trafficking, drug-related crime and violence, and drug-related health consequences. To achieve these goals, the Director of ONDCP is charged with producing the National Drug Control Strategy. The Strategy directs the Nation's anti-drug efforts and establishes a program, a budget, and guidelines for cooperation among Federal, State, and local entities.
                   

30. COUNCIL OF ECONOMIC ADVISORS
The CEA was established by the Employment Act of 1946 to provide the President with objective economic analysis and advice on the development and implementation of a wide range of domestic and international economic policy issues.

31. CABINET
The tradition of the Cabinet dates back to the beginnings of the Presidency itself. One of the principal purposes of the Cabinet (drawn from Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution) is to advise the President on any subject he may require relating to the duties of their respective offices.
The Cabinet includes the Vice President and, by law, the heads of 15 executive departments-the Secretaries of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Education, Energy, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, Interior, Labor, State, Transportation, Treasury, and Veterans Affairs, and the Attorney General.

32. OTHER OFFICES
The other offices of the Executive Branch are as varied as they are in numbers. Some of the other areas include:
Office of Policy Development - Advises President on domestic concerns
National Space Council-Advises President on civil and military efforts in space
Council on Environmental Quality- Aids the President on environmental policy matters.
Office of U.S. Trade Representatives – Advises the President on matters of foreign trade.
Office of Science and Technology- Advises on all scientific, engineering, and technology advances.

33. VICE PRESIDENTIAL DUTIES
BY CONSTITUTION THE VICE PRESIDENT HAS ONLY TWO FORMAL DUTIES:
PRESIDE OVER THE SENATE
HELP DECIDE THE QUESTION OF PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY
PRESIDENTIAL DISABILITY IS WHEN THE PRESIDENT IS UNABLE TO CARRY OUT HIS DUTIES
THE ONLY OTHER ASSUMED PURPOSE OF THE VICE PRESIDENT IS TO BE A PRESIDENT IN WAITING.

34. PRESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION
IS THE ORDER IN WHICH INFERIOR OFFICERS CAN BE PROMOTED TO THE OFFICE OF PRESIDENT IN CASE OF A VACANCY. THE CURRENT SYSTEM WAS ESTABLISHED BY THE 25TH AMENDMENT AND CURRENTLY HAS 18 POSITIONS. HERE ARE THE FIRST 10. 1
VICE PRESIDENT 6
SECRETARY OF DEFENSE 2
SPEAKER OF THE HOUSE 7
ATTORNEY GENERAL 3
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE 8
SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR 4
SECRETARY OF STATE 9
SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE 5
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY 10
SECRETARY OF COMMERCE

35. Executive Office of the President
Policy
Development
Office Of
Management
And
Budget
White
House
Staff
Office of
The
Vice
President
National
Security
Council
Council Of
Economic
Advisors
Office Of
Administration
Office Of
Science
And
Technology
Policy
Office Of
The US
Trade
Representative
Office Of
National
Drug
Council
Policy
Council Of
Environmental
Quality

36. Presidential Benefits
The First U.S. Congress voted to pay George Washington a salary of $25,000 a year — a significant sum in Washington, already a successful man, refused to accept his salary.
Since 2001, the President has earned a salary of $400,000 a year.

37. Presidential Benefits
The President's salary serves as a cap for all other federal
officials, such as the Chief Justice. In order to raise the
salaries of the other federal employees, the President's
salary had to be raised as well.

38. Presidential Benefits
Modern Presidents enjoy many non-salary benefits such as living and working in the spacious White House mansion in Washington, DC. While traveling, the President is able to conduct all the functions of the office aboard several specially built Boeing 747s, which take the call sign Air Force One.

39. Presidential Benefits

40. Presidential Benefits
The President travels around Washington in an
armored Cadillac limousine, equipped with bullet-proof
windows and tires and a self-contained ventilation
system in the event of a biological or chemical attack.
When traveling longer distances around the Washington
area or on presidential trips, the President travels aboard
the presidential helicopter.

41. Presidential Benefits

42. Presidential Benefits
When traveling longer distances around the Washington area or on presidential trips, the President travels aboard
the presidential helicopter, which takes the call sign
Marine One when the president is aboard.

43. Presidential Benefits
The President has
full use of Camp
David in Maryland,
a sprawling retreat occasionally used
as a casual setting
for hosting foreign dignitaries.

44. Presidential Benefits
The President and his family are protected at all times by an extensive Secret Service detail. Until 1997, all
former Presidents and their families were protected by
the Secret Service until the President's death.

45. Presidential Benefits
Presidents continue to enjoy other benefits after leaving office such as free mailing privileges, free office space, the right to hold a diplomatic passport and budgets for office help and staff assistance

46. Impoundment
The presidential practice of refusing to spend money appropriated by Congress.
Richard Nixon. A major goal of his administration was to reduce federal spending, and when the Democratic Congress passed spending bills, he responded by pocket-vetoing twelve bills and then impounding funds appropriated under other laws that he had not vetoed.
Congress in turn passed the Budget Reform and Impoundment Act of 1974 that required the president to spend all appropriated funds, unless Congress approved the impoundment. Federal courts have upheld the rule that presidents must spend money that Congress appropriates.

47. Power of persuasion
An effective president is a good politician, a mobilizer of influence in the American political system. Because his formal powers are limited, he must spend much time persuading people to support his agenda.
The president's persuasive powers are aimed at three audiences: fellow politicians and leaders in Washington, party activists and officeholders outside Washington, and the public, with its many different views and sets of interests.

48. White House Office
Some of the most influential people in government are in the president’s White House Office.  The organization of the staff is entirely up to the president, and their titles include: chief of staff, "counsel," "counselor," "assistant to the president," "special consultant," or press secretary. These aides are appointed by the president without Senate confirmation, and they may be fired at will. Often they do not serve an entire presidential term.

49. The organization of the White House Office has been analyzed according to two models:
the "pyramid" model:  In this organizational model, most assistants report through a hierarchy to a chief of staff and/or a chief aide.  This model is relatively efficient and it frees the president’s calendar for only the most important issue.  On the other hand, the president may become isolated or his top advisers may gain a great deal of power, as happened to President Richard Nixon in the early 1970s

50. The organization of the White House Office has been analyzed according to two models:
the "circular" model:  Presidents that use this model have more direct contact with their staff members, with many cabinet secretaries and assistants reporting directly to the president. Bill Clinton employed this structure, especially in the early years of his presidency, when many task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers dealt directly with the President.  This model allows better access to the president, and ideas are not filtered through one or two top aides.  Critics say that the model promotes chaos and that the president’s time is not well used.

51. The organization of the White House Office has been analyzed according to two models
A method of organizing a president's staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president

52. EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
separation of powers keeps one branch from inquiring into the internal workings of another branch.
Presidents and advisers need the assurance of private discussions to be candid with one another without fear of immediate press and public reaction.  This need for privacy is especially important with matters of national security.

53. EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
Even though Congress has never liked executive privilege, the right was not questioned seriously until 1973 when the Supreme Court addressed the issue directly.
As a part of the Watergate investigations, a federal prosecutor sought tape recordings of conversations between Richard Nixon and his advisers. Nixon refused to give the tapes over, claiming executive privilege.
In United States v. Nixon the Court held that there is no "absolute unqualified presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances." In this case, executive privilege would block the constitutionally defined function of federal courts to decide criminal cases.

54. EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE
Executive privilege has been further defined by Nixon v. Fitzgerald (1982), which states that presidents cannot be sued for damages related to official decisions made while in office.  
In 1997 President Clinton tried to extend this protection to cover all civil suits, but in Clinton v. Jones the Court ruled against his argument that civil suits against a chief executive distract him from presidential duties.
These decisions have restricted executive privilege, but they have not eliminated it.  In all cases the Court has assumed that the president has the right of executive privilege.

55. The Rule of Propinquinty
The “rule of propinquity” states that the person in the room with the president when he makes his decision has the most influence on him; thus, the people closest to the president wield the greatest amount of power.

56. War Powers
Congress has not officially declared war since December 8, 1941 (one day after the attack on Pearl Harbor), yet the Country has fought wars in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East.   
Congress attempted to control such military activities when it passed the War Powers Resolution in 1973, requiring the president to consult with Congress when activating military troops.  The president must report to Congress within forty-eight hours of deploying troops, and unless Congress approves the use of troops within sixty days or extends the sixty-day time limit, the forces must be withdrawn.  Even so, the president’s powers as commander in chief are more extensive today than they have ever been before.

57. Review Questions
What are the three qualifications for someone to be president?
What is the President’s Senatorial Courtesy mean?
What Article of the Constitution do you find the powers of
the President?
Can the President remove a Supreme Court Justice?
The President has the power to make a treaty. What is a treaty?
What military powers does the President have?
Since the President has the power to pardon someone, what power
does the president have? (Legislative, Judicial, or Removal Power)
Since the President has the power to establish foreign policy
with other nations, what role is he serving?

58. Review Questions
Which role of the president says that the President is the
head of the national government?
The President is the “boss” of government employees. What role
is he serving?
The group of people that is made up of his closest advisors is
his ___________________________
If the President is unable to fulfill his duties, who takes his place?
Which Amendment established Presidential succession?
Which cabinet secretary is first in line before all other cabinet
secretaries?

59. Some terms to know and apply
Amendment 20
Amendment 22
Amendment 25
President
Vice-President
Cabinet
Treaty
Veto
Reprieve
Amnesty
Commutation
Pardon