1. The Allied Victory
Chapter 16: Section 4

2. North African Campaign
Stalin wanted to open another front against Hitler in France
Allies agreed to start another front in Africa & Italy.
In Italy Britain sent General Montgomery
He dislodged the Germans from Al Alamein & pushed them West
From the West Germany encountered Operation Torch (about 100,000 troops mainly Americans) led by General Eisenhower
Rommel’s Afrika Korps was caught between Montgomery and Eisenhower and crushed in May 1943

3. Battle of Stalingrad German advance stalled at Leningrad & Moscow
Sixth Army sent to seize oil fields in Caucasus
Blitzkrieg against Stalingrad
City 99% destroyed
Winter sets in
German army surrounded
Turning Point of Eastern Front

4. Invasion of Italy
Brit & US decided to attack Italy despite Stalin’s plea to attack France
Conquest of Sicily toppled Musso from power
King Emmanuel had him arrested
Then Germans attacked and rescued Mussolini & put him back in control in No. Italy
Fighting in Italy continued until the end of the war thanks to the Germans
In Apr 1945 some Italians ambushed some German trucks & recaptured Musso.
He was shot the next day and hung in downtown

5. The Allied Homefronts Defeating the Axis Powers required total war
US factories converted from peacetime operations to military production (WPB, OPA)
Because factories converted to wartime production there was a shortage of consumer goods which the gov then rationed or distributed in limited amounts.
Everything from meat and sugar to tires & gasoline was rationed
In Europe rationing was even more drastic

6. War Limits Civil Rights
Government propaganda had a negative effect on the West Coast
A wave of prejudice arose against the Japanese
Excutive Order 9066 issued on Feb 19, 1942
Internment Camps in restricted military areas used for rounding up “aliens”
2/3 of those interned were Nisei (native born whose parents were Japanese & many of which volunteered for mili service
Korematsu v. US

7. Victory in Europe D-day – Operation Overlord June 6, 1944
Invasion of Normandy (60 mile stretch of beach
Eisenhower – Supreme Commander
Dummy Base
Largest amphibious invasion ever
By Sept Paris was liberated

8. Battle of the Bulge Last offensive of the Germans
Hitler wanted to break up Brits and US and supply lines
Temporarily pushed the Allies back which caused a bulge in the Allied line.

9. Germany’s Unconditional Surrender
After Battle of Bulge it was over
Hitler and his mistress commit suicide in underground bunker
On May 7, 1945 General Eisenhower accepted unconditional surrender of the 3rd Reich
FDR did not, however, live to see this.
V-E Day was officially on May 9 the day the surrender was signed.

10. Victory in the Pacific – Leyte Gulf
After the battle of Guadalcanal the Japanese were in a steady retreat.
Americans landed again in Philippines
Japan wanted to destroy the American fleet and took the gamble at Leyte Gulf
They took this gamble and lost disastrously- eliminating their navy as a fighting force in the war
Began to use kamikaze pilots

11. Iwo Jima and Okinawa
After a month of bitter fighting the Americans took Iwo Jima which was only 760 from Japan
Then in April US troops moved on to the island of Okinawa which is 350 miles from Japan.
Japanese put up desperate fight losing 100,000 troops to the Americans 12,000

12. The Japanese Surrender
Once in Okinawa the next stop was Japan
Truman was advised that invasion of Japanese homeland might result in ½ million dead
Truman had to decide whether to use the A-bomb developed as part of the Manhattan Project headed by General Leslie Groves and J. Robert Oppenheimer
Truman stated that he made his decision to use the bomb to bring the war to a quick end and save American lives
On Aug 6 and Aug 9 the US dropped bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Japan surrendered on Sept 2