1. Unit 4: BIOCHEMISTRY The chemicals of life

2. A. Atoms 1. Made of 3 Particles: a. _________ - located in the _________ _________ charge; determine the element b. _________ – located in the ________ no charge = neutral c. ___________ - orbit outside nucleus _________ charge cause chemical __________ Atoms are the _________ unit of matter

3. B. Elements 1. H = __________ – ____ bond 2. O = __________ – ____ bonds 3. N = __________ – ____ bonds 4. C = __________ – ____ bonds 5. Other essential elements: Phosphorus (___) Iron(___) Zinc(___) Calcium(___) Sulfur(__) Sodium(___) Potassium(___) A __________ atom that is a single substance that cannot be broken down into smaller pieces

4. C. Molecules (_____________) 1. ________ – caused by elements ___________________ stores ________ in the molecule 2. __________ = chains of repeating small units 3. _______ - shows the composition of a compound Molecular formula - indicates the actual nos. and kinds of atoms in a molecule Structural Formula - how the atoms are arranged or held together C 6 H 12 O 6 combinations of ________

5. D. Inorganic Compounds 1. Don’t contain _________________________ together. 2. Examples: Water (______) Carbon dioxide (_____) Salts (________) Ammonia (_______) not the same as what you know from your foods

6. E. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain both _________________ in the same molecule

7. 1. Carbohydrates a. Examples: i. ________ = ______________________ simple, ___________ carbohydrates examples of monosacchrides = ____________, fructose

8. ii. _________ = _______________ _________ of monosaccharides ____________ carbohydrates __________, ________, chitin iii. The names of most carbohydrates end in ______

9. b. Elements: Carbohydrates Always contain _________ Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen CarboHYDRates always have 2Hydrogen :1Oxygen ratio All carbohydrates have this ____________ Examples: C 6 H 12 O 6 C 12 H 22 O 11 C 40 H 88 O 44

10. c. Subunits: __________________ i. all complex carbohydrates are combinations of simple sugars joined together by _____________________ ii. ____________  ___________  _______________ iii. Glucose is the most common monosaccharide subunit

11. iv. Dehydration Synthesis of a Carbohydrate

12. d. Function: - Primary source of ___________________________ - 4 kcal/gram - Carbohydrates provide the bulk of the ________ in most diets

13. 2. Lipids All lipids are _________________ organic molecules a. Examples: i. ______ ii. ______ iii. ______

14. b. Elements i. always contain ______ ______ ii. Usually ______ number of atoms iii. Unlike carbohydrates there is ______ ______ between hydrogen and oxygen C 12 H 24 O 2 C 54 H 102 O 6

15. c. Subunits: ______ ______ ______ ______ i. Glycerol ii. Fatty Acid – has ______ (acid group) on the end iii. Joined together by ______ ______ ______

16. d. Function i. Long term ______ ______ ii. _____ __ and ______ ____ iii. Make up ______ ______

17. 3. Proteins a. Examples: Hair, Nails, _________, ___________, Bones, Cartilage, Muscles, ____________ Specific Proteins: ______ ______, ______, ______, Actin, Myocin, keratin

18. b. Elements: i. Always Contain ______ ______ ii. N = ______ iii. Sometimes proteins have sulfur and phosphorus

19. c. Subunits: ______ ______ i. All proteins are made from chains of amino acids. ii. Amino Acids small organic molecules with an ______ ______ and an ______ ______ ______ R – is a _____ group of atoms that changes with each __________

21. iii. ______ ______ = chains of amino acids iv. Dehydration Synthesis forms a peptide bond between the carbon and nitrogen atoms. Peptide Bond

22. d. Function i. ______ ______ ______ of cells cell receptor, cell skeleton, centrioles ii. ______ ______ specialized protein molecules that make reactions happen iii. Chemical messengers ______ ______ iv. ______ ______ protect the body from infection ______ ______ is DETERMINED by the ______ ______ of the Protein SHAPE is DETERMINED by the __________ ______ ______ ______

23. 4. Nucleic Acids i. Examples ● ______ – deoxyribonucleic acid ● ______ – ribonucleic acid ● ______ ______, controls protein production ii. Elements ______ ______ ______

24. iii. Subunit: ______ ______ ______ 3 parts: a. __________ b. __________ (ribose or deoxyribose) c. ________________ (Has nitrogen) DNA – adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine RNA – adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine

26. iv. Function - Carry hereditary information - __________ for making proteins - The order of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) determines the order of amino acids - The order of amino acids determines the protein

27. F. Biochemical Reactions 1. Dehydrations Synthesis chemical combination of two small molecules to make another larger molecule with water being driven off __________ = Make bigger, build up __________ = remove H 2 O Remove 2 H and 1 O from molecules so they can bind together

28. 2. Hydrolysis chemical digestion of a large molecule into smaller, simpler molecules by adding water opposite of dehydration synthesis

29. G. Enzymes 1. Enzymes are Specialized __________ 2. Generally their names end in –ase Amylase, protease, lipase 3. __________ __________ - __________ __________ without being changed themselves. - Involved in __________ chemical reaction in your body

30. 4. Enzymes Structure a. Enzymes are __________ so the structure is determined by the __________ __________. b. __________ Area on the enzyme that __________ the reaction Active Site has a __________ ________ specific molecules

31. c. __________ substance the enzyme works on d. Enzyme Substrate Complex __________ formed when the enzyme and substrate __________ e. __________ what is left over after the enzyme does its work ENZYME ENZYME SUBSTRATE COMPLEX ACTIVE SITE SUBSTRATE PRODUCT Products ENZYME

32. f. __________ __________ i. Enzymes are very specific to the substrate they fit. SHAPE ii. Lock and Key Model Enzyme and substrate __________ __________ Just like one lock has one key that fits it

33. COENZYME iii. Induced Fit Model More realistic model of enzyme activity Enzyme __________ with the help of a coenzyme to fit substrate Allows enzymes to fit similarly shaped substrate molecules Coenzymes are enzyme helpers

34. 5. Factors that Effect Enzyme Activity a. __________ - Enzymes have an __________ temperature at which they work (__________) - As temperature increases, enzyme activity increases  for the most part - If temp is too high, protein becomes __________ (__________ in shape) and no longer works. COOKED!

35. b. pH = Power of Hydrogen - scale that measures the strengths of _________________ - 1 – 14 1 - 7 = __________ - closer to 1 the stronger the acid 7 = __________ 7 – 14 = ________ – closer to 14 the stronger the base

36. - Like temperature enzymes work at an __________ - at pH outside the optimal range enzymes can be __________– too high or too low.

37. c. __________ - The amount of enzyme or substrate can affect the enzyme activity to a point. - As the concentration increases the enzyme activity increases until it “__________”