1. Internet of Things (IoT)
CSE3002 Team H Project
Internet of Things (IoT)
Amitoj Kapoor
Lindsay Reindl
Bowen Strack

2. What is Iot?
The term was first used in 1990 by Kevin Ashton to describe a system in which objects in the physical world could be connected to the internet by sensors
Ashton created the term to describe the power of connecting RFID tags in corporate supply chains to the internet in order to count and track supply without human intervention
The term has become broader and more popular today as the IoT extends to a variety of objects in order to serve a variety of purposes

3. What is Iot? The internetworking of physical devices
Using IP to connect devices
Doesn’t include computers
Usually embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity
Used to collect, manipulate, and exchange data
Allows objects to be sensed or controlled across existing network infrastructure

4. History of IoT IoT isn’t a new concept
The first internet enabled device was an IP connected toaster that could be turned on and off over the internet
This was featured at an internet conference in 1990
This sparked the inventions of new devices such as:
soda machines
coffee pots
many more of similar simplicity level devices
The inventions of these devices were the beginning of a big field of research

5. Why is IoT Popular Today?
Market trends support the development of more and more IoT devices
Possibilities to interconnect more and more small devices cheaply and easily
Almost everything is connectable
IP has become a global standard, which provides a well- defined and widely implemented platform of software and tools that can be used in devices
We continue to get more computing power at lower prices and lower power consumption every year

6. Why is IoT Popular Today?
Advances in data analytics
New algorithms and increases in computing power, data storage, and cloud services provide new opportunities to get information and knowledge from data
Increase in cloud computing
Allows small devices to interact with powerful and remote back-end systems
Gives even the smallest devices massive computing power because the computing and data storage is being done somewhere else on much more powerful systems

7. Possible IoT Applications
Human body
wearable and ingestibles
monitor and maintain health, wellness, fitness
disease management
Buildings
home controllers (lights, outlets, thermostats, doors, locks, garages, etc.)
security systems
Retail environments (stores, banks, restaurants, etc)
self-checkout
in-store offers
inventory management

8. Implications of Increasing Applications
The number of IoT devices is increasing
So is the traffic they generate
Internet traffic generated by IoT devices in 2014 was just under 40% of all internet traffic
Cisco estimates that will rise to about 70% by 2019
Cisco also estimates that the number of machine to machine connections will rise from 24% in 2014 to about 43% in 2019
The meaning of “being on the internet” will change if almost everything is connected to the internet
Will our infrastructure be able to handle this increase in traffic?

9. IoT Communications Models
There are many ways IoT devices can connect and communicate
The four common models are:
Device-to-Device Communications
Device-to-Cloud Communications
Device-to-Gateway Model
Back-End-Data-Sharing Model

10. Security Issues
One of the main setbacks of IoT thus far, and it’s what’s keeping people skeptical of the idea.
Currently no consensus on how to exactly implement security on something as broad as IoT. (Searching for the Silver Bullet, (Wind River Systems)
There’s no one “magic” way (or silver bullet) to solve this problem.
The knowledge and experience with making something similar in concept to an IoT device is already there.
This is where developers run into a hardware problem.
Embedding sensors into everyday devices can provide a huge security risk, especially if someone unwanted gets access to the sensor.

11. Security Issues
There are three key challenges when it comes to the Security of IoT:
Ubiquitous data collection
Any kind of security measure on these devices would have to constantly be monitoring and collecting data, which poses a problem for smaller devices.
Potential for unexpected usage of user data
The data collected from these devices would be very valuable for any company producing these products, however many consumers may not want to share this data.
Heightened security risks
As mentioned in the last slide, adds something that can be very scary in the wrong hands.

12. Security Issues Hardware problems
In the past few years, the processor used in IoT products have been very weak, and they’re not able to run more powerful security features.
In addition, we are able to equip it with a more powerful processor, however the price of the product would then be too high.
Given the size of many of the small appliances that would be using these features, we also need to keep the size of the hardware to fit all of the products.

13. Security Issues Are these current issues solvable?
Yes, they are. As we have seen in many brand new concepts revolving around technology is that it changes fast. What was once out-of-scope yesterday, might be reality tomorrow.
An example of this is the internet, it went through very similar phases as IoT is going through right now concerning security, and the internet is used by thousands of people daily in present times.

14. Security Issues
Is a secure IoT out of our reach? If not, how soon should we expect to see this effect our everyday life?
A secure IoT is definitely not out of reach, with how fast technology advances we never know when a new breakthrough will happen.
Companies need to make sure to plan for the future when starting to make IoT products.
Plan ahead, make sure the product is ready for potential threats before they happen.
Make sure the product is ready to receive updates to change potential flaws.

15. Mirai
IoT devices were a huge cause of the massive DDoS attack of 2016, which nearly took half the most used websites on the internet down for the day
How? A malware bot called Mirai
It is estimated that nearly 500,000 devices were infected by Mirai
Mirai is a bot that specifically targeted IoT devices because they are mostly not secure
IoT devices are great targets because they are almost always on and connected to the internet and users would never know their devices are infected
The result? Thousands of devices contained the mirai code just waiting to be used. Once the command came in, they all started pinging servers at the same time leading to a successful DDoS. All while users had no ideas their little devices were aiding in this massive takedown

16. Ethical, Professional and Social Issues
Privacy
Target predicts a woman’s pregnancy before she does
Watches recording health information
Data Ownership
Health, location and household appliance information
Self-driving Cars
Deciding who to kill
Societal Implications
Consumer marketing
Efficiency
Dependency from too much interconnectedness

17. Privacy
Many people are concerned with their information getting stolen and privacy being invaded
Negatively impacts the number of IoT devices being purchased
The more interconnected devices become, the more security will be necessary
Invasion of privacy not only uncomfortable, but also possibly deadly
Bluetooth enabled pacemakers and other medical devices

18. Privacy Each Target customer is assigned an ID number
Data regarding customers’ spending habits is recorded
By analyzing shopping patterns of pregnant customers, target guessed that a customer was pregnant based on her shopping patterns
When people get closer to delivery date, they commonly buy cotton balls, unscented lotion, and mineral soap
Target sends coupons to customers based on past purchases
Another customer’s father saw her coupons from Target which were for infant clothing and supplies
Target assigns its customers an ID number, which is associated with their credit card number, or home address

19. Privacy Fitness trackers such as FitBit
location, calories burned, distance traveled, etc. monitored
Trends in health data can indicate attempted dieting/weight loss
What if someone was shown relevant information because of these trends in the data?
Abundance of data increases risk of eavesdropping
German researchers intercepted data from smart television to determine what someone was watching at the moment

20. Data Ownership 10 billion people, 1 trillion devices with sensors
Machine-generated data
Data is owned by the person or entity that owns the device that collected the data
Many entities and individuals are involved with the processing, generation and collection of data
Individual who owns the device, company who markets the device, manufacturers of hardware and software
Sales of collected data
Many devices collect data without user being aware
Phone carriers are informed of consumers’ locations

21. Self-Driving Cars What should the car do in an unavoidable accident?
Are some lives worth more than others?
No right answer, but:
Minimize loss of life
Prevent killing the owner of the car
Public opinion
Public opinion shows that people were most comfortable with minimizing life lost
However, this usually means killing the occupant
People are comfortable with self-driving cars as long as they don’t have to ride in one

22. Self-Driving Cars
MIT’s Moral Machine

23. Societal Implications: Increased Efficiency
Smarter hotels
Customers accessing preference settings such as room temperature before arrival
Nest Learning Thermostat
Automatically turns thermostat off when no one is home
Smart fridge
Camera in fridge tracks food spoilage

24. Societal Implications in the Future
Rapidly increasing ratio of interconnected devices to people in the world
By 2020, there will be a predicted tens of billions of interconnected devices
More interconnectedness exposes more vulnerabilities
Increase society’s already existing dependence on the internet

25. Data Protection and Cross Border Data Flows
IoT devices can collect very personal data
They may collect data on users in one location where the device is being used, then that data might be processed somewhere else
The issue: protection laws could be different where the device is collecting the data and where the data is being processed
Many questions and issues arise from this, some being:
which areas laws are followed?
who governs and regulates the collected data?
should the the stricter governing agency be able to force its requirements onto other agencies?
IoT devices will make these issues more prevalent because they collect and share data across borders and the user may not have any idea this is happening

26. Data Discrimination
The very personal data collected by IoT devices can be used for discriminatory purposes against the user
For example: Fitness trackers could be used for good in the sense that they can help users monitor fitness and wellness. However, if insurance companies got their hands on that data, they might charge less fit and well people more on their plans
Another example: any IoT device in a car with GPS might monitor your driving habits for speeding and hard braking. Car insurance companies would then charge you more for insurance with that data
The increasing usage of IoT devices has vastly increased the volume of data available on users, which increases the potential of facing data discrimination
Some issues that arise from this:
how can we detect illegal or discriminatory practices?
how do we get the societal benefits of data collection without the discriminatory practices against the user?

27. Law Enforcement
Iot devices can and already do serve as vital crime-fighting tools. Some being:
wireless cameras
in car devices to help track and remotely disable stolen cars
sound sensors in NY to tell the police exact neighborhoods of gunfire
Issues that come from this:
more data monitoring on civilians
collection and retention and security of that data
use of data that does not pertain to law enforcement
Should IoT data be encrypted so no one can access it, even law enforcement (like how Apple handles iPhones) or should it not be encrypted in the name of public safety?

28. IoT Device Liability
If someone is harmed as a result of an IoT device’s action, who is responsible, if anyone?
There is no law to say one way or another on this
Some things to consider:
these devices can be used in unintended ways so it would be unreasonable to expect the manufacturer to test all usage cases
it would be near impossible to test all interoperable cases
devices that last a long time may become subject to security threats that weren’t present before
it is impossible to test all possible scenarios an IoT device like a self-driving car might encounter
Current liability laws do not properly account for all the possible scenarios with IoT devices
The laws will need to be continually adapted as technology advances

29. Future of IoT
Where do we see technology advancing to in the near future?
Do we see a future with all of our devices connected?
Predicted to be a $8.9 trillion market in the year 2020 by IDC (2015)
As technology advances, and the internet is more readily available to more people, the appeal to have more products connected to the internet increases.
Even products we have nowadays are connected to the internet that we wouldn’t think of before (refrigerators, etc.)

30. Future of IoT Businesses and moving forward
Many companies will need to integrate IoT principles into their products, and will have to start innovating towards this.
As more things move to be connected, the demand will increase from consumers.
Another bold statement by IDC is that within 2020 ALL companies will have rolled out IoT initiatives.
This gives us a whole new field for brand new products and innovations of older products.

31. Future of IoT Smart houses
As of 2015, only 6% of all houses in the US are using a “smart home device” (includes internet connected appliances).
However, by 2021 it is projected to increase to 15%, which is a much larger portion of the United States, and a large growth over only 6 years.
Why so little right now?
The price of many of these
“smart” appliances are very
high right now, and the
average American can’t afford
to buy one.

32. Future of IoT What new products are going to be developed due to IoT?
In 2016, we saw many new products come out:
The Amazon Echo and Google Home
Smart Doors and Smart Locks
Bluetooth trackers
Smart bike locks
Wifi lighting
Smart plugs
However, this is just the start and as the technology becomes more readily available, we will see new ideas come forth.

33. How the Future of IoT will affect you?
As more devices get connected, we will see more autonomous devices.
For example, you might be able to set your coffee maker to make your coffee exactly as you like it in the morning, and as you turn off your alarm to wake up it immediately starts making it.
Will this change jobs people have now?
Sharing data or documents over devices may become much easier (although it is very easy today, may be as simple as a click and drag), this may lead to many job positions changing in style or getting completely removed.

34. Conclusion
Although basic IoT devices have been around since 1990, the research and development of IoT devices has just recently started to boom
We are moving towards a world where more and more things will be connected to the internet, thereby changing the meaning of being online
With greater innovations, come greater risks and issues:
data security
data privacy
laws, regulations, and enforcing them
There is a long road ahead for IoT in terms of keeping all the positives and eliminating all the issues that come along with IoT devices
This will be possible if we’re actually aware of the risks that come with some of these devices and work towards eliminating those risks