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AFRICAN PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
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The Nile River Longest River in the World
White Nile and Blue Nile meet in Sudan to form the Nile River Flows northward, emptying in the Mediterranean Sea Without the annual flooding in Egypt land would not be arable
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THE NILE RIVER The Nile Lower Nile Upper Nile
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SUEZ CANAL Located in Egypt
Divides the mainland Egypt from the Sinai Peninsula Connects the Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea One third the distance that it was before
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SUEZ CANAL
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SAHARA DESERT Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world Why
1. On the Tropic of Cancer 2. Permanent high pressure system 3. Rain Shadow by Atlas Mountains
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SAHARA DESERT There are two main types of landscape in the Sahara
Erg – sand dunes Reg – gravel covered plain
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SAHEL Semi-arid region just south of the Sahara
Dry grasslands with scattered trees Desertification is a growing problem Growing of the desert caused by climate changes and over grazing
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SAVANNAS Tropical grasslands with scattered trees and shrubs
This is where many of the African Safaris take place Large populations of wildlife Serengeti – means “endless plains” Largest mammal migration and game reserve
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The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Tsetse Fly The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Bad – Carries a disease the make its victims (humans and domesticated animal) have “Sleeping Sickness” Good – Wildlife are immune. Humans and livestock avoid some of these areas creating a natural game preserve
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CONGO RIVER BASIN Located near the equator in central and western Africa This is where the majority of Africa’s tropical rain forests are located
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The Great Rift Valley Located in Eastern Africa
Largest Rift Valley in the world Caused by the diverging Indian Tectonic Plate Surrounding lakes and rivers are very deep
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Mount Kilimanjaro: Africa’s highest mountain at 19,341 feet
Located on the Equator in Tanzania near Kenya Formed by volcanic activity from the Great Rift Valley Only year round snow capped mountain in Africa Known in Swahili as “Shining Mountain”
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Lake Victoria Located in the middle of the Great Rift Valley of Eastern Africa It is a shallow depression Largest lake in Africa
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Victoria Falls Forms a border between Zambia and Zimbabwe
Largest waterfall in the world
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Okavango Swamp/River Worlds largest inland river delta
River is absorbed by the Kalahari Desert Large game reserve in the desert
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Kalahari Desert Largest Desert in southern Africa
Has many oasis which makes it habitable Oasis – vegetated areas in a desert caused by fresh water springs
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Only Place in the world Great Whites breach
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE Southern mot point of Africa Converging currents from the Indian and Atlantic Oceans make waters dangerous for sailing but great wildlife Only Place in the world Great Whites breach South African Penguins
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Africa Physical Geography
Mediterranean Sea Strait of Gibraltar Suez Canal Red Sea Gulf of Aden Indian Ocean Atlantic Ocean Congo River Nile River Lake Victoria Atlas Mountains Ahaggar Mountains Mount Kilimanjaro Sahara Desert Sahel Great Rift Valley Victoria Falls Okavango River Kalahari Desert Cape of Good Hope
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Southern Africa
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Why is Swaziland not an enclave?
Lesotho – is a political enclave (Country within a country)
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Only place in the world Great Whites breach
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE Only place in the world Great Whites breach Cape of Good Hope is often considered the southern most point of Africa Cape Agulhas is 50 miles south (the true southern point) South African Penguins
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Southern African Tribal History
Bantu tribe First in the region in A.D. 100 Hunter-gatherers and herders First to learn how to make iron tools Zimbabwe tribe Farmers and raised cattle Sotho tribe established in the 1800’s in what is now the country of Lesotho Zulu tribe was established to the east 1820’s Zulu kingdom grow under leadership of Shaka Zulu
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European’s in South Africa
Portuguese first sailed the shores of Africa in search of a trade route to Asia in the late 1400’s. Due to dense vegetation, disease, and no navigable river they never settled inland
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European’s in South Africa
1652 Dutch settled the Cape of Good Hope Later German’s and French joined (sympathized with Nazi’s in WWII) Called Boers - Dutch word for farmers They later became known as Afrikaners Their language was a combination of European and native words called Afrikaans Dutch = Boers = Afrikaners
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South African History British overtook the coast of South Africa in the 1814 The Afrikaners moved into the interior Afrikaners fought Bantu tribes for land
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Kimberly mine caved in 1873 after just a couple years of digging
The Eureka Stone 1866 a boy found a carat stone It was named the Eureka Stone “I have found it” South Africa is the world’s leading producer of gold They are fifth in Diamond production Kimberly mine caved in 1873 after just a couple years of digging
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BOER WAR Both the British and the Afrikaners (Boers) wanted control of the region’s wealth Boer War
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British/Afrikaner Conflict
Many Bores (Afrikaners) were placed in concentration camps by the British during and after the war Afrikaners never forgave the British for their treatment
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APARTHEID 1912 African Nation Congress (ANC) was formed
Helped black rights Native Land Act 1913 (by Afrikaners) first offical separation of blacks and white in South African 1948 Afrikaner Government took over Apartheid becomes law– separates black and white South African’s
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Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC (African Nation Congress)
1964 he was arrested U.S. and other countries placed sanctions - boycott on economic goods and services with S.A. 1990 he was released 1994 became first black president Mandela ended Apartheid and reformed the government South African History
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TODAY SOUTH AFRICA has the highest GDP in Africa
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POVERTY IS STILL A MAJOR PROBLEM
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HIV South Africa has the largest population with HIV in the world
5.7 million people have HIV 350,000 die each year
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SPORTS IN SOUTH AFRICA ALL SURFERS
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WESTERN
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Tribal Empires Three major empires of Western Africa are the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Why would their location lead to economic growth?
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Ghana Empire At A.D. 800 Ghana is one of earliest empire
Gold, cloths, food and slaves were the primary trade Islam was brought through trade route A.D the Mali became the most powerful Tombouctou (Timbuktu)– became the primate city for the Mali empire
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Some forms of slavery has existed in Africa for as long as there has been written history
Many tribes were in competition for the same hunting grounds and water sources, thus warfare was common The defeated were killed (men) or enslaved (women) SLAVERY
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SLAVERY CONTINUE Europeans came to the West coast of Africa in the late 1400’s WHY? Trade route to Asia Why did the Europeans stay on the coast? Few navigable rivers They were sailors The natives caught the slaves for them for trade Malaria
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Middle Passage
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Colonialism and the Slave Trade
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Major Issues of Sub-Saharan Africa
1. Poverty Poor to no industry Drought 2. Civil WarTribal conflict Colonization Berlin Conference Political Corruption Diamonds, gold, world support
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World Map of H.I.V 3. Diseases - HIV - Malaria
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