1. The Story of

2. EVER WONDER… Why are you like your parents? What do babies understand?
What are your dreams about?
Who becomes leaders?
What is considered “normal”?

3. True or False
1. The behavior of most lower animals-insects, reptiles, birds, and rodents-is instinctive and unaffected by learning.

4. True or False
2. For the first week of life, a baby sees nothing but shades of gray-blue regardless of what they look at.

5. True or False
3. A child learns to talk more quickly if the adults around the child habitually repeat the word they are trying to say, using proper pronunciation.

6. True or False
4. The best way to get a chronically noisy child to settle down and pay attention is to punish them.

7. True or False
5. Slow learners remember more of what they learn compared to fast learners.

8. 6. In small amounts, alcohol is a stimulant.
True or False
6. In small amounts, alcohol is a stimulant.

9. 7. Psychiatry is a subdivision of psychology.
True or False
7. Psychiatry is a subdivision of psychology.

10. True or False
8. Most developmentally disabled people also have psychological disorders.

11. True or False
9. The largest drug problem in the U.S. in terms of the number of people affected, is marijuana.

12. True or False
10. Nearly all of the psychological characteristics of men and women appear to be inborn, in all cultures, for example, women are more emotional and sexually less aggressive than men.

13. Psychology’s roots

14. Stop & Think Activity
1. Write 5 adjectives that
describe a
typical scientist
2. Write 5 adjectives that
describe a
typical psychologist

15. Typical Answers…
scientist
psychologist
Methodical
Accepting
Analytical
Caring
Resourceful
Genuine
Intelligent
Personable
Thorough
Attentive

16. Uses scientific research methods
What is Psychology?
Psychology: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. (applies to humans & animals)
Uses scientific research methods

17. Behavior Processes Behavior Processes: Physical
Includes all observable behavior
What we do and how we act
Examples:
eating
smiling
blinking
playing sports

18. Mental Processes Mental Processes: Internal
Subjective experiences we infer from behavior
Examples:
thoughts
feelings
sensations
perceptions
dreams

19. Goals of Psychologists
To study and use psychological methods
in order to understand,
explain, predict, and
sometimes control human/animal behavior

20. Seven major approaches to psychology:
Psychologists use a wide variety of techniques to understand, explain, predict, and even control behaviors
Seven major approaches to psychology:
Neuroscience
Evolutionary
Behavior Genetics
Psychodynamics
Behavioral
Cognitive
Social-Cultural
How is it Used?

21. Pre-scientific Psychology

22. Reading review & Worksheet
Roots of Psychology:
Partner enrichment
Reading review & Worksheet

23. Socrates (469-399 B.C.) & Plato (428-348 B.C.)
Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate-born within us

24. Socrates &
Plato
Aristotle

25. PLATO (437-347 BC) Early psych was associated with philosophy
Interested in moral philosophy, not natural philosophy (or science)
Believed we are born with complete knowledge within our soul
Learning = Reflection – to discover what knowledge was within us
( BC)

26. Aristotle’s Laws of Association
The law of similarity: If two things are similar, the thought of one will tend to trigger the thought of the other.  If you think of one twin, it is hard not to think of the other.  If you recollect one birthday, you may find yourself thinking about others as well.
The law of contrast: On the other hand, seeing or recalling something may also trigger the recollection of something completely opposite.  If you think of the tallest person you know, you may suddenly recall the shortest one as well.  If you are thinking about birthdays, the one that was totally different from all the rest is quite likely to come up.

27. Aristotle’s Laws of Association
The law of contiguity: was one of the most influential theories about learning prior to Ivan Pavlov's studies on conditioning. "If a person experiences two environmental events (stimuli) at the same time or one right after the other (contiguously), those events will become associated in the person's mind, such that the thought of one will, in the future, tend to elicit the thought of the other"
The law of frequency: The more often two things or events are linked, the more powerful will be that association.  If you have donuts with your coffee every day, and have done so for the last twenty years, the association will be strong indeed -- and you will be fat.

28. Bacon is one of the founders of modern science
Francis Bacon ( )
Bacon is one of the founders of modern science
Focused on the experimental method, experience, and common-sense judgment – Created the Scientific Method.
Psychology 7e in Modules

29. He studied the connection between body and mind
Rene Descartes ( )
Descartes, like Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated
He studied the connection between body and mind
He had some idea about nerves in the brain causing movement in muscles (animal spirits flow through what we now call nerves)
Mind-Body Dualism
Psychology 7e in Modules

30. Psychology is born in 1879 Structuralism
Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879
Psychology 7e in Modules

31. Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) The “father of psychology”
Founder of modern psychology
Opened the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
His actual findings were unimportant and disproved by future psychologists
( )

32. Was unreliable, almost no concrete research results
Edward Titchener
Founder of structuralism - Student of Wundt
Analyzed the intensity,
clarity and
quality of the parts of consciousness
Introspection: Process of looking into oneself and describing what’s there
Was unreliable, almost no concrete research results
( )

33. Fun Fact
The preserved brain of early psychologist E.B. Titchener is currently on display as part of Cornell University’s Wilder Brain Collection

34. Let’s Try Introspection!
What is your experience of this apple? How would you describe the sensations of each of the parts of the apple—its colors, its roundness, its shading?
In Wundt’s laboratory, you might have been asked to reflect on your experience of this stimulus for several minutes or even several hours!

36. structuralism
Structuralism: An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

37. Gestalt Psychology
Gestalt Psychology: Consciousness can be best understood by observing it as a total experience rather than breaking it down.
The whole is different from the sum of its parts
Example: Think of the notes to your favorite song. Individually, each note doesn’t mean much, but put them together and you have a tune
Combining elements creates something that did not exist before

38. Gestalt Psychology

39. Gestalt Psychology

40. Gestalt Psychology

41. William James (1842-1910) First American psychologist
Author of the first psychology textbook- “Principles of Psychology”
Founder of Functionalism
-Goal was to study functions of the brain
Came up with “stream of consciousness” to explore emotions, memories, will power, habits
( )

42. Functionalism
Functionalism: a school of psychology that emphasized studying the function of consciousness and how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Mind is like a computer that will carry out tasks and help us perceive our surroundings

43. What is Real Psychology and What is Pseudo-psychology?
Pseudo-psychology is the phony or unscientific psychology which pretends to be the real thing
Negative Effects:
People believe the fake psychology and miss out on real psychological insights which are more helpful and interesting
Ex. Confirmation bias: Only paying attention to the events and evidence which confirms our desired beliefs
Also, pseudo-psychology can produce a lot of fraud
With increased incidents of fraud in the field of psychology, there is diminished public support for legitimate psychological science

44. Austrian physician - Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Sigmund Freud
Austrian physician - Founder of the psychoanalytic perspective
Believed that abnormal behavior originated from unconscious drives and conflicts
Created Psychoanalysis, analyzes our inner desires, unconscious mind, defense mechanisms and personality
Much of his work is now outdated - Very subjective and non-scientific approach to psychology

46. John B. Watson
Founder of behaviorism-most dominant theory of 20th century
Studied only observable and objectively described acts
Emphasized objective and scientific methodology

47. Behaviorism
Behaviorism: school of thought focuses on how we learn observable responses

48. Focused on observable behavior – more scientific
Ivan Pavlov
Russian Physiologist
Focused on observable behavior – more scientific
Took away subjectivity (existing in the mind; belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of thought)

49. Ivan Pavlov
Emphasized objectivity (being the object of perception or thought; belonging to the object of thought rather than to the thinking subject)
Often worked with animals

50. Ivan Pavlov Famous for experiment with dogs and bells
First psychologist to work with idea of conditioning
(not hair)

52. Behaviorist that followed John Watson’s work
B.F. Skinner
Behaviorist that followed John Watson’s work
Focused on learning through rewards and observation - Felt who we were was controlled completely by our environment
( )

53. Humanistic Psychology
Stressed the study of conscious experience and an individual’s free will
Healthy individuals strive to reach their potential
Humanistic Psychology

54. Psychology’s Big Debate
Nature versus Nurture
Debate about the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (nature, genetic) or acquired (nurture , learned) characteristics
Psychology 7e in Modules

55. Reading Activity:
Psychological
Perspectives
According to
Family Guy

56. The big

57. Biological Approach
Biological – Behavior are largely shaped by the nervous system; brain, hormones, genes.

58. Evolutionary Approach
Evolutionary - Darwinism - Emphasizes ways in which behavior and mental process are adaptive for survival

59. Psychodynamic Approach
Founded by Sigmund Freud – Behavior comes from unconscious drive, usually stemming from childhood

60. Behavioral Approach
Founded by John Watson – Emphasizes learning, especially each person’s experience with rewards and punishment – focuses on OBSERVABLE behavior

61. Cognitive Approach
Emphasizes ways in which people receive, store, retrieve, and process information – how we see the world – how we learn to act sad and happy during events

62. Humanistic Approach
Emphasizes ways individual potential for growth and stress individuals choice and free will. All about peoples choices and people seeking self-actualization

63. Social-Cultural Approach
Focuses on how culture influences the way we think and act - Examples: Gender, race, age

64. However, it is NOT equipped to answer questions of ultimate meaning
Psychology like other disciplines, uses scientific methods to explore human thoughts and actions to help us understand why people think, feel, and act
However, it is NOT equipped to answer questions of ultimate meaning
Science is not the only way to approach life

65. Activity:
Psychological
Perspectives
Collage

66. -Definition or qualities -Explanation of focus
OBJECTIVE
In a group, you will review the history of psychology by exploring a notable psychological school of thought and presenting your findings to the class in the form of a photo collage.
ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS
Choose your group members and notify the teacher (4 members max)
You will be given one of the following psychological perspectives
Cognitive Psychodynamic
Biological Behavior Genetics
Socio-Cultural Evolutionary Psychology
Behavioral Positive Psychology
Humanistic
Directions: Using the magazines provided, create a photo collage that depicts the following information:
-Name of perspective
-Definition or qualities
-Explanation of focus
-Explanation of helping behavior
-Illustration describing the perspective
*****Note: Your group MUST be able to explain how each photo represents/depicts/explains your perspective

67. Celebrity
Analysis
Activity:

68. The Story of Andrea Yates
Why did She do It?
The Story of Andrea Yates
Video

69. Why did She do It? Cause: Private mental functioning & low self esteem
(Cognitive perspective)
-believed she was possessed
-sign of Satan 666 marked on her scalp
-told police her children weren't developing correctly and she was a bad mother- needed to be saved

70. Why did She do It? (Neuroscience & Behavior Genetics perspective)
Cause: Mental disorder/illness with biological basis
(Neuroscience & Behavior Genetics perspective)
-mood disorders run in family
-brain chemistry plays a role in psych disorders
-suffered post partum depression
-taken off meds about a month before deaths

71. Why did She do It? (Behavioral & Social Cultural perspective)
Cause: Social Environment
(Behavioral & Social Cultural perspective)
-why did her Dr. take her off meds
-In laws say husband wasn’t supportive (never changed a diaper)
-how can he leave children with someone who can’t take care of herself
-why have another child

72. Celebrity Analysis Activity:
Directions: Choose a famous person that we all know.
(athlete, character, movie star, singer)
Pick several traits about this person that are well known.
( personality, beauty, intelligence, skill set)
Using psychology’s current perspectives, analyze your celebrity’s traits based on the perspectives.
Example:
Celebrity: Britney Spears
Character trait: Ever changing personality
Psychodynamic Perspective: Britney’s famous outbursts on TV and shaving her head could be viewed as an outlet for unconscious hostility.

73. Perspectives in Psychology
Neuroscience – How does brain anatomy and brain chemistry influence thoughts and behavior?
Evolutionary – How do behaviors aid in survival and reproduction?
Behavior genetics – What role do genes play in behavior?
Behavioral – How do we learn overt behaviors?
Cognitive – How do we think about information for memory and problem solving?
Social-cultural – How does our culture affect us?
Psychodynamic – how does our unconscious affect us; often relates to sex and parenting.

74. Example: DENNIS RODMAN   Dennis Rodman is well known for his outrageous behavior, questionable style of attire, and rapidly changing hair color. Biological Perspective: Perhaps Dennis Rodman has a high level of estrogen that makes him feel as though he should wear women’s clothes.   Psychodynamic: Dennis was traumatized as a child when he was not permitted to have a Halloween costume. He has repressed the memory, but, as a result, dresses in outrageous clothing to try and overcompensate for his loss as a child.   Behavioral: Dennis Rodman’s father and grandfather both wore women’s clothes and dyed their hair. Dennis observed this throughout his life and is now imitating the same behavior.   Cognitive: Dennis Rodman interprets his role in the NBA as needing to create attention for his team. As a result, he thinks that by wearing a wedding dress, dying his hair, and tattooing his body, his team will get the positive attention it requires Socio-cultural:  Perhaps in the NBA culture, these behaviors occur often and are widely accepted; thus, Dennis Rodman believes his behavior to be typical and not out of the ordinary.  

75. What do psychologists do?
Careers in Psychology
What do psychologists do?

76. Subfields of Psychology: Research
Basic Research: Pure knowledge aimed to increases psychology’s knowledge base.
Psychologist
What she does
Biological
Explore the links between brain and mind.
Developmental
Study changing abilities from womb to tomb.
Cognitive
Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems.
Personality
Investigate our persistent traits.
Social
Explore how we view and affect one another.

77. Subfields of Psychology: Research
Data: APA 1997

78. Subfields of Psychology: Applied
Applied Research: Study that aims to solve practical problems
Psychologist
What she does
Clinical
Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Counseling
Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges.
Educational
Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings
Industrial/
Organizational
Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace.

79. Subfields of Psychology: Applied
Data: APA 1997

80. Career’s in
Psychology

82. Careers in Psychology Sports Psychologist Engineering Psychologist
Clinical Psychologist
Counseling Psychologist
Cognitive Psychologist
Developmental Psychologist
Educational Psychologist
Experimental Psychologist
Engineering Psychologist
Evolutionary Psychologist
Forensic Psychologist
Health Psychologist
Neuro- Psychologist
Rehabilitation Psychologist
Social Psychologist

83. Careers in Psychology Clinical work – e.g., psychotherapist*^
Academic – e.g., professor/researcher*
Business – e.g., HR psychologist*^
Journalism – e.g., science writer*
Technology – e.g., software developer
*requires graduate degree
^requires license

85. Clinical Psychology
A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders by administering tests and providing therapy

86. Psychiatrists (shrinks)
Medical Doctors who can prescribe medicine

87. School Psychologist
Work for school districts to treat students for mild disorders like depression and grief
They have a PhD

89. Which perspective would most likely explain anger as “an outlet for unconscious hostility”?
Social-Cultural
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Functionalist

90. The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology?
Humanistic
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Structuralist

91. Which of the following is the best example of applied research?
Investigating basic human traits
Using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity
Experimenting with how we perceive stimuli
Studying the changing abilities of a child age 2 to age 5

92. Which perspective would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Biological
Social-cultural

93. Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?
Biological
Clinical
Industrial-organizational
Cognitive

94. A. Social-cultural B. Psychodynamic C. Behavioral D. Functionalist
Which perspective would most likely explain anger as “ an outlet for unconscious hostility”?
A. Social-cultural
B. Psychodynamic
C. Behavioral
D. Functionalist

95. A. Evolutionary analysis B. Behaviorism C. The cognitive analysis
The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is more often referred to as
A. Evolutionary analysis
B. Behaviorism
C. The cognitive analysis
D. The nature-nurture issue

96. Which of the following professionals is also a medical doctor?
A. Psychiatrist
B. Psychologist
C. Clinical
D. Counselor

97. Which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view and effect each other?
A. Developmental
B. Biological
C. Social
D. Cognitive

98. For behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in
A. Inspection
B. Observation
C. Cultural influences
D. Growth potential

99. C. Industrial-organizational
Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?
A. Biological
B. Clinical
C. Industrial-organizational
D. Cognitive

100. The study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes
A. Humanistic psychology
B. Gestalt psychology
C. Cognitive neuroscience
D. The psychodynamic perspective

101. The first psychological laboratory opened in 1879, belonged to
A. Charles Darwin
B. Sigmund Freud
C. Rene Descartes
D. Wilhelm Wundt

102. The_________ School of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral process enable us to adapt and flourish
A. Functionalist
B. Structuralist
C. Behavioral
D. Humanistic

103. A. Humanistic B. Behavioral C. Psychodynamic D. Strucutalist
The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describes which school of psychology?
A. Humanistic
B. Behavioral
C. Psychodynamic
D. Strucutalist

104. Which of the following is the best example of applied research?
Investigating basic human traits
B. Using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity.
C. Experimenting with how we perceive stimuli
D. Studying the changing abilities of a child age 2 to age 5

105. Self-reflective introspection (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by
A. Darwinists
B. Empiricists
C. Strucutralists
D. Behaviorists