1. Pathogenesis of cardiac symptoms
Dr. Rehab F. Gwada

2. Objectives of the lecture
Identify the main cardiac symptoms
Explain pathogenesis of cardiac symptoms
Differentiated between Cardiac asthma and bronchial asthma
Understand the mechanism of interstitial fluid formation
Compare between Peripheral & central cyanosis

3. The main symptoms of cardiac diseases
Dyspnea
Chest pain
Palpitations
Syncope
Cyanosis
Fatigue
Edema

4. Dyspnea Definition : Shortness(difficultly) of breathing (SOB) types :
Exertional dyspnea
Positional (Orthopnea)
Paroxysmal dyspnea
Acute dyspnea (acute pulmonary edema)

5. Dyspnea Shortness(difficultly) of breathing (SOB) Pathogenesis of Cardiac dyspnoea
vital capacity due to blood in lung
2- exaggeration of Hering-Beruer reflex due to rigid alveali.
3- Churchil- Cope reflex in pul. congestion stimulate RC
4- pulmonary edema nonfunctioning alveoli
5- fatigue of resp. ms. Due to LCOP
6- pleural & pericardial effusion compression of lung
7-Hypoxia stimulate RC.

6. Grades of dyspnea Grade I: dyspnea on extra ordinary effort
Grade II: dyspnea on ordinary effort
Grade III: dyspnea on less than ordinary effort
Grade IV: dyspnea even at rest.
Ordinary effort is that of the person himself as regard his previous effort tolerance and usual life style.

7. Exertional dyspnea: SOB aggravated by exertional Cardiac causes: Coronary artery disease Congestive heart disease: LSHF Congenital cyanotic heart disease Dyspnea may be accompanied by chest discomfort or pain (angina) or heart attack. . Orthopnea : Dyspnea on lying flat (reclining),partially relieved by sitting that is due to: venous return lung congestion 2- elevation of diaphragm

8. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND):
- Attacks of dyspnea , sweating & cough with frothy expectoration occurring during night 1-2 h. after sleep & after a few(10-20) minutes the pt. feels better & goes back to sleep. symptoms may be relieved by getting out of bed or by sitting on the side of the bed
- If the condition is accompanied with chest wheezes, it called cardiac asthma
- PND is a specific symptom of LSHF
Acute pulmonary edema:
Severe SOB of acute onset(second- minutes)& short duration (minutes-hours)& very rapid progressive course

9. Cardiac asthma is sometimes confused with bronchial asthma , discuss, and compare ?
Character Cardiac asthma
Bronchial asthma
Age
Time of Attack
Duration of attack
Frequency
Dyspnea
Expectoration
Cardiac examination
Chest examination
MORPHINE
ADRINALINE

10. Cardiac edema
It is abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial tissues due to a disturbed mechanism of interstitial fluid formation.
Technically, edema is classified as a sign, rather than a symptom, because it is physically observable.
Edema is a common sign of heart disease

11. Mechanism of interstitial fluid formation
Arteriolar end capillaries
Interstitial tissue
Venous end capillaries
30mmHg
25mmHg
10-15 mmHg

12. Pathogenesis of cardiac oedema I- Raised venous hydrostatic pressure
Arteriolar end capillaries
Interstitial tissue
Venous end capillaries

13. Pathogenesis of cardiac oedema
II- Increased capillary permeability
III- Salt and water retention

14. Pathogenesis of cardiac oedema
Vasoconstriction and fluid retention produce an increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries.
This shifts the balance of forces in favor of interstitial fluid formation as the increased pressure forces additional fluid out of the blood, into the tissue.
This results in edema (fluid build-up) in the tissues.

15. Neurohormonal Activation in CHF and Edema
Decreased CO in HF
Baroreceptors Dysfunction

16. In right-sided heart failure
Edema commonly starts in the ankles where venous pressure is high due to the effects of gravity (although if the patient is bed-ridden, fluid accumulation may begin in the sacral region.)
It may also occur in the abdominal cavity, where the fluid build-up is called ascites.
In left-sided heart failure
edema can occur in the lungs – this is called cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Leads to:
Reduce capacity for ventilation
stiffening of the lungs
Reduces the efficiency of gas exchange by increasing the distance between the air and the blood.
The consequences of this are dyspnea (shortness of breath), orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea.

17. Characteristics of cardiac edema:
Appear in the dependent parts of the body(L.L)
Pitting
Precedes appearance of ascites( abdominal enlargement )
Bilateral

18. Cyanosis
Cyanosis is bluish discoloration of skin, nail beds and mucous membranes as a result from insufficient oxygenation , when arterial reduced Hb. Exceeds 5 g/dL(gram/decilliter) .
Normally haemoglobin carries most of the oxygen in blood. This oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin in the blood (present in the arteries) is called oxygen saturation

19. Types of cyanosis Central cyanosis Peripheral cyanosis
Central cyanosis is caused by diseases of the heart or lungs or by abnormal hemoglobin
Lead to SaO2 , the aortic blood carrying reduced hemoglobin
Noticed in tongue , lips, ear lobes ,conjunctiva of the eyes
Warm extremities
There may be breathlessness, shallow or rapid breathing
may be seen in heart failure, ,exposure to cold temperatures and diseases of blood circulation.
Due to oxygenated blood flow through the peripheries .
Noticed in fingers, cheeks, nose, and outer
areas of the lips.
Cold extremities

20. Palpitations It an abnormal subjective awareness of the heart beats.
These include feeling a rapid heartbeat, a pounding in the chest, a fluttering of the heart, being conscious of the beating of the heart, or feeling missed or skipped beats of the heart
Heart Causes:
1- Changes in heart rate.(Tachycardia , Bradycardia)
2- Changes in rhythm. (arrhythmias )
3- Changes in force . (heart failure, Cardiomyopathy )

21. Palpitations Depending on the cause, palpitations can be :
A- Short-term and disappear quickly, such as when palpitations occurs during an anxiety attack.
B- Sudden, severe episodes, such as palpitations that happens with supraventricular tachycardia.
C- Chronic and ongoing over a long period of time, such as when it is due to chronic atrial fibrillation.

22. Palpitations
Palpitations often occur in conjunction with other symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying disease, include irregular pulse, chest pain, shortness of breath, cough, fever, abnormal vital signs, tachypnea and dyspnea.

23. Thank you