1. MODULE 10 – VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS
CLASSROOM PHASE
MODULE 10 – VEHICLE REQUIREMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
– Vehicle Malfunctions 2
– Vehicle Maintenance 11
– Trip Planning 17
– Driving Plan 24 Module 10 Classroom Quiz 26 Module 10 Classroom Quiz Answer Key 29

2. 10.1.1 – Vehicle Malfunctions
Objectives:
The student is expected to recognize and assess potential and immediate vehicle malfunctions including malfunction of vulnerable roadway users utilizing the vehicle owner’s manual as a resource.
Describe and demonstrate the reduced-risk driving practices necessary to compensate for vehicle malfunctions.
Describe the procedural steps to safely move a disabled vehicle off the roadway.
Even with regular maintenance, careful precautions, preparation, and safe driving, flat tires and vehicle malfunctions occasionally occur. In the event of a roadside emergency, it's important to be prepared and know what to do to ensure the safety of yourself, your passengers, and your vehicle. Taking the proper steps and knowing what to do can save you time and money.
What to do if you have trouble on the road.
If you notice your vehicle performing strangely or if a tire blows out, you may have to stop on the highway. Stopping on a highway for any reason is dangerous, so if you must stop, follow these reduced-risk driving precautions:
If the highway has paved shoulders, signal your intention to pull off the highway, pull off at near traffic speed, and then brake gently. When stopped, turn your wheels away from traffic. The reason is if another vehicle hits yours while it’s parked, your vehicle will not be pushed into the path of traffic.
If the shoulder is unpaved, signal a right turn and slow down to a safe speed before pulling off the paved roadway. When stopped, turn your wheels away from traffic.
If you are on an interstate, make your way to an exit if it is safe to do so. Once safely stopped, turn your wheels away from traffic.
In dusk, darkness, or bad weather, leave your low-beam headlights on and turn on your interior and hazard (emergency) lights.
The hazard lights on many vehicles will not operate when the brakes are applied. Once you are off the road (or if stranded on the road), you should shut off the engine, put the vehicle in PARK, apply the parking brake, and take your foot off the brake pedal.

3. If you have to stop in a risky location (such as over the crest of a hill or on a curve), get everyone out of the vehicle and well away from traffic.
If the vehicle is in a safe location, wait inside. But keep the doors locked and the safety belt fastened.
Once stopped, place any warning signals that you have - flares, hazard triangle, or warning light - to alert other motorists of your vehicle's presence. Place the warning device as far behind your vehicle as practical to give other motorists as much notice as possible. Retrieve them before you drive away.
If you must change a tire, make sure you are at a safe distance from passing traffic.
If you need police help, raise the hood or tie a white cloth to the radio antenna or door handle, or hang the cloth out of the top of the door and close it on the cloth.
Use good judgment in accepting help from strangers. If someone of whom you're suspicious stops, lower the window only enough to talk. If you're waiting for help, thank them for stopping but tell them you're OK. If you need help, ask them to make a call for you.
Handling Vehicle Malfunctions: Rules of the Road DVD (Video 1:34)
Keep in mind that vulnerable roadway users also run into problems. Motorcycles, bicycles, maintenance vehicles and farm machinery break down and pedestrians or animals may be injured. Stop and help if safe to do so or offer to contact professional assistance on their behalf.
Common Vehicle Malfunctions
Tires - Almost all highway blowouts and tread separations occur with the car traveling in a straight line on a very hot day at high speeds with an underinflated tire. The repeated flexing of an underinflated tire causes the failure. Be sure to check tire pressure regularly.
If a tire blows out:
Continue to accelerate for a couple of seconds. This puts you in control of the vehicle and directs the vehicle straight down the road. It also prevents you from braking and turning. After a couple of seconds, gently and smoothly release the accelerator pedal.
Drive straight and keep your feet away from the brake (or clutch).
Allow the vehicle to coast down to a safe speed (30 mph is good). Engage your turn signal and gently turn toward the shoulder of the road that's on the same side as the blown tire. This decreases your chance of losing control and will make the tire change safer. If the situation requires, you may lightly squeeze the brakes.

4. Tread separation is usually announced by a consistent thumping noise, which will increase to a slapping sound and then a metal-tearing jackhammer pounding. If you hear this, immediately slow down and take the tire to a professional for inspection. If you can see damage, put on the spare before proceeding.
Although the recovery techniques are similar, a tread separation is more dangerous than a blowout. This is where the tread rubber and underlying steel belt partially or completely come off the tire. This creates a blade of steel-backed rubber spinning around at about 1,000 rpm. It can cut through the fuel tank, brake lines, inner fender panels, rear seats, side windows and, of course, flesh and bone.
If you feel - or hear - tread separation:
Continue to accelerate for a couple of seconds and gently release it.
Drive straight and keep your feet away from the brake (or clutch).
Allow the vehicle to coast down to a safe speed. You will likely have to apply the brakes lightly in order to reach a safe turning speed.
Engage your turn signal and gently turn toward the shoulder of the road that's on the same side as the damaged tire.
Tires perform two basic functions: to absorb shock and grip the road. They are air- filled cushions designed to absorb most of the shocks caused by road hazards. To reduce the effect of road hazards and irregularities on the vehicle, tires are made to flex and give as they meet the road surface. Tires also grip the roadway and provide traction to enable a driver to accelerate, brake, and steer their vehicles.
Properly inflated tires are critical to vehicle control and good gas mileage. Tires should be inflated to the vehicle manufacturer’s recommended pressure found in the owner’s manual.
Proper tire tread reduces traction loss on wet surfaces by channeling water through the tread. Tire tread depth can be measured by placing a penny in the tread, and if the tread does not reach the top of Lincoln’s head, driving in wet weather is very dangerous.
Keep safety in mind when buying new tires. Compare and decide on which type of tire offers the best value for the kind of driving you do. Also check the owner’s manual for tire recommendations by the manufacturer for your vehicle.
Changing a Tire - Most vehicles are equipped with a jack and spare tire. Before attempting to change a tire, first follow these safety tips:
Park away from traffic and on level ground.
Place the vehicle’s gear shift lever in PARK.
Set the parking brake and remove the keys from the ignition.

5. Follow these steps when you are ready to change the flat tire:
Remove the spare tire, jack, and lug wrench from the trunk before attempting to raise the vehicle. Place blocks firmly in front and behind the wheel that is diagonally opposite the flat tire to prevent the vehicle from rolling when being raised up by the jack.
Remove the wheel cover, prying it away from the rim using the flat end of the lug wrench. If your vehicle is equipped with custom wheel covers or locking lug nuts, consult the owner's manual for proper removal instructions.
Following the instructions in the owner's manual, place the jack at the location under the vehicle as recommended by the manufacturer, and jack the vehicle up partway. (The flat tire should still touch the ground to prevent the wheel from turning while loosening the lug nuts.)
Loosen each lug nut two full turns, but do not remove the lug nuts completely during this step.
Continue jacking up the vehicle until the flat tire is raised approximately two inches off the ground. This will provide enough room to remove the flat and replace it with the spare.
Finish removing all the lug nuts from the flat tire and place the removed lug nuts inside the wheel cover so they are easy to find when you need them.
Remove the flat tire from the vehicle. Temporarily place the removed flat tire on the ground behind the vehicle.
Place the spare tire onto the hub of the wheel by holding the outside edges or sides of the tire.
Place each of the lug nuts back on with the tapered end of the nut facing the rim. Make sure they are snug, but not completely tight. This will help align the tire rim to the hub and hold the tire in place until the vehicle is lowered.
Lower the tire until it partially touches the ground. Tighten all the lug nuts.
Finish lowering the vehicle to the ground, and tighten all the lug nuts again.
Place the wheel cover back on.
When you have completed changing a flat tire, put the lug wrench, flat tire, and jack back into the trunk. As soon as possible, have a mechanic check the lug nuts. Spare tires or “donuts” are not designed for extended use, so get the flat repaired or replaced and put back on your vehicle as soon as possible.
Brake Failure - Newer vehicles have a split braking system designed to reduce the possibility of total brake failure and include a warning light on the instrument panel.
When the BRAKE FAILURE light comes on, slow down, pull off the road, and don't proceed until you have the problem corrected.
Because of the split braking system, chances are that you will have some braking
power left when the brake failure light comes on, although you may have to apply more force to the brake pedal and will need a greater distance to stop.
If you have a COMPLETE BRAKE FAILURE, you must act rapidly.

6. Turn on emergency flashers.
If possible, get off the highway and onto the shoulder or other clear area.
Turn on emergency flashers.
Try pumping your brakes rapidly to bring up your brake pressure.
If pumping doesn't work, put the gear selector in a lower range or extra low in vehicles with automatic transmissions.
Apply the emergency parking brake with increased force.
If none of the above work and you are in danger of crashing into something or someone or are going down an embankment, shift to LOW (which may damage your transmission but may help you to stop in a real emergency). Refer to the owner’s manual for what to do under these circumstances.
If your brakes fail on a hill or mountain grade and the above remedies do not work, look for something to sideswipe -- a snowbank, a guardrail, dirt mounds, or anything that will slow you down.
The anti-lock brake system (ABS) was developed to assist driver braking actions when impending wheel lock-up could occur. Maintaining control of a vehicle is the key to safe driving. The traction between a vehicles’ rolling tires and the road surface will impact the amount of control a driver has in a given situation. Braking, whether slowing for a turn or braking for a stop, can cause a vehicle to lose rolling traction, and as a result affect vehicle stopping distance and steering control. ABS technology was designed to correct these types of problems by helping the vehicle maintain rolling traction, offering the driver skid-free stopping and steering control.
In an ABS equipped vehicle, you must use firm brake pressure and maintain this pressure on the brake pedal even if you feel it vibrating or hear a grinding noise (this is normal). Don’t pump the brakes. The ABS system pulses the brake 15 times a second to avoid lockup and allows your wheels to keep rolling. Rolling wheels allow you to steer.
Sticking Throttle - If your throttle (accelerator pedal) sticks while you’re driving, here's what you can do.
If you have a lot of distance between you and other traffic, first tap lightly on the accelerator pedal a few times to see if it will spring back to its normal position.
If that fails, pull the pedal up with the toe of your shoe -- DON'T reach down to do
it.
If you must slow down or stop rapidly, turn your ignition to off and apply the brakes (be sure you turn the key to off, not lock). Note that if you have power steering and power brakes, turning off the ignition will require increased physical effort to steer and brake the vehicle.
Don't pump the brakes.
As the vehicle slows down, guide it off the roadway and turn on emergency flashers.
After you stop, look for the source of trouble. The pedal may be binding on the floor mat or rug. If this isn't the case and you know something about engines, look inside the engine compartment and check the accelerator linkage. Some of the parts may  

7. be stuck and binding, and a little oil (such as from the oil dipstick) may solve the problem.
Don't drive the car until the problem can be corrected.
If the problem is corrected, make certain before driving the vehicle. Apply the emergency or parking brake firmly, put the gear selector in park or neutral, and start the vehicle. Press the accelerator a few times to make sure it returns to its normal position after you remove your foot. Then put the vehicle in gear and try giving it gas a few times before releasing the parking brake.
Sudden Acceleration - Also called "unintended acceleration," this is identical to a stuck throttle except it's not a mechanical failure but rather the driver accidentally pressing on the gas.
Loss of Steering - can occur suddenly and without warning. Something in the steering mechanism or its related components may break, fall off, or jam, leaving you with no control of the vehicle's direction.
Apply the brake to come to a stop as quickly as possible.
Turn on your EMERGENCY FLASHERS as a warning to other motorists and pedestrians while applying the brakes.
BLOW YOUR HORN.
USE HAND SIGNALS.
When your vehicle comes to a halt, try to move it off the roadway.
Position your emergency warning devices (flares or highway triangular warning signs).
Leave the vehicle in place until you get the steering repaired or a wrecker to move
the vehicle to a repair facility.
Attach a white cloth to your radio antenna or door handle to indicate to other motorists or police that you need assistance.
Loss of Oil Pressure - A sudden loss of oil pressure, if not promptly corrected, can result in extensive damage to your vehicle's engine as well as a highway breakdown.
If the OIL PRESSURE light doesn't go out when the engine is running, or if it comes on while you are driving, you have trouble (you may not have enough oil in your engine, or your oil pump may be bad and not pumping oil through the engine).
If the OIL PRESSURE light comes on and stays lit, pull off the road.
Turn off the ignition, turn on emergency flashers, and check the oil.
Add oil before driving the vehicle any farther. (A spare can of oil carried in your trunk is ideal for just such an emergency.)
In an emergency, once you have filled the oil reservoir, you may drive cautiously for a few miles to the nearest service facility but no farther.
Alternator/Generator Failure - The alternator and generator make the electric current that keeps your vehicle's battery charged and operate the lights and anything else in the car that needs electricity.

8. If the ALTERNATOR/GENERATOR light comes on and stays lit, something may be wrong with the electrical system.
First check the alternator/generator belt because if this belt is loose or broken, your
vehicle may also be about to overheat. Have a service facility correct the problem as soon as possible.
If this happens on the highway, you can often run the vehicle using the electrical current from your battery alone, but you can do this only for a short distance until the
battery power is exhausted.
If you must run your vehicle for a short distance, turn off all electrical accessories (air conditioner, radio, heater) except the ignition.
If this happens at night, the extra drain on the battery will shorten the distance you
can drive, but you should be able to drive several miles to a service facility.
Fire - is usually caused by a fault in the electrical system or by leakage in the fuel system, which may cause raw gas to leak onto a hot engine.
When such a fire develops, pull off the roadway just as soon as it is safe to do so.
Turn off the ignition.
Get out of the vehicle in a safe manner.
Try to put out the fire with a fire extinguisher; by throwing dirt on it; or by placing a heavy cloth over it.
Flag down a passing motorist who may have a fire extinguisher.
Fires in the rear of the vehicle are most hazardous because of the location of the gas tank and the possibility of explosion.
If you see smoke or flames coming from the rear of the vehicle, immediately pull off
the road to a safe spot, get all passengers out of the vehicle, and remain at a great distance from the vehicle.
If the fire is in the front, turn your head aside as the hood is released to prevent burns from flashing flames. Be careful when raising the hood -- use a rag to cover your
hand so you don't get burned.
Call the fire department.
Don't attempt to drive the vehicle until the cause of the blaze is determined and the problem corrected.
Loss of Lights - A total loss of lights in conjunction with power loss is usually caused by burnout of a fuse, a fused wire, or by loosened battery cables.
If your lights go out, pull off the road and take care of the problem before proceeding.
Locate the fuse panel. (Check the owner's manual if necessary.)
Find your fuse panel and identify the fuse for your lights using a flashlight.
Replace the blown fuse. (Carry spare fuses.)
If the new fuse doesn't solve the problem or if the new fuse blows, the problem is more serious and requires repair.

9. Windshield Wiper Failure – Windshield wipers may fail when you need them most, when it's raining or snowing.
If you have the disappearing-type wipers, periodically check the opening to the front of your windshield and remove leaves, twigs, snow, or ice.
If you have a failure on the highway (loose wiper, motor ceases to turn wipers, blade
flies off), make certain it is safe to get off the highway, then see if you can correct the problem.
Open the window and stick your head out to see, if necessary.
If you can't fix the wipers yourself, wait until the rain or snow has let up, then proceed with caution to the nearest service facility.
If it is impractical to wait, you'll have to get help.
Overheated Engine - Engine overheating can be caused by a leak in the radiator, by hoses permitting the loss of coolant, a faulty water pump, a bad thermostat, or a broken fan belt.
If your temperature gauge moves to the HOT position, it's time to do something.
If you notice steam or liquid coming from the front of your vehicle, it is an indication that the vehicle is overheating.
If possible, pull off the road, turn off the engine, and let it cool before proceeding.
If you can't pull off the road and if the engine has not reached the critical overheat point, turn off your air conditioner.
In stop-and-go, slow-moving traffic, shift into NEUTRAL while stopped.
While stopped, a slight pressure on the accelerator pedal may reduce overheating by the action of the fan on the coolant in the radiator.
If none of these things work, turn on your heater and roll the windows down to reduce the engine's temperature by increasing the radiator capacity.
If the temperature rise is not normal for your vehicle, pull off the road and look for the source of the trouble but DO NOT REMOVE THE RADIATOR CAP until the engine
has cooled or the steam or liquid emissions have remained stopped.
NEVER POUR COLD WATER INTO OR ONTO AN OVERHEATED ENGINE or you may crack the engine block.
After the engine has cooled, remove the radiator cap and check the coolant level. If
your auto is equipped with a surge tank, check the coolant level at that point. When the radiator cools, the overflow should return to the radiator.
Look for leaks or breaks in the radiator, surge tank, or in the hoses, including heater as well as radiator hoses.
Correct the problem if possible. Duct tape may sometimes be used to TEMPORARILY stop or slow a leak in a hose until you can get to a service facility to
have it replaced.
If the hose is split or ruptured near the end, sometimes you can remove the hose end using a screwdriver or pair of pliers, cut off the damaged section, and replace the hose, unless the hose is too short already.
If a source of water is available, replace the lost fluid.
If possible to do so, drive to the nearest service facility and have proper repairs done.

10. If you are able to make temporary repairs so that you can drive to the nearest service facility, don't move the vehicle until the engine has cooled down.
Flooded Engine - When too much fuel and not enough air reaches the engine, it will become flooded. There will usually be a strong odor of gasoline. Follow these steps to start a flooded engine:
Push the accelerator pedal to the floor and hold it there.
Turn the key and try to start it for up to five seconds.
If it doesn’t start, wait several minutes and try again.
Once started, release the accelerator pedal.
Engine Pings on Acceleration - Engine ping is the result of abnormally high combustion temperatures and the symptom is usually more pronounced during moderate to heavy engine acceleration after the engine has reached or is near operating temperature.
Consult your owner’s manual for the recommended fuel rating. A vehicle that is designed to operate on high octane fuel should not be operated using lower octane fuel. Switching to a higher octane fuel may be the only corrective action necessary. If this does not correct the problem, take the vehicle to a repair facility.
Engine Knocks - These are usually a sign of major trouble. Knocking sounds could mean that a part deep inside the engine has worn out. If the rod bearings have worn completely out or become too loose, it is only a matter time before the bearings fail. In this case, you should not use the vehicle until the knocking engine noise has been fully and properly tested, diagnosed and repaired.
Vehicle Won’t Start - The most common reason your car won't start is a dead battery. If you have a battery tester that can measure cranking amps, test your battery to see if it's weak. If you can't test it yourself, you can test the battery indirectly by jump-starting the vehicle. If it starts right away, your problem is most likely a dead battery. Replace the battery, and clean battery connections to ensure good contact.
An old battery, even if it doesn't give off any obvious symptoms, can affect your vehicle in negative ways that will slowly add up to a big repair bill. Therefore, it’s important to replace the battery before problems begin. Optimally, you should replace your battery every 2 to 3 years - before you have problems.
DPS Stranded Motorist Hotline
A toll-free number was established in 1989 to get help to motorists whose vehicles are disabled on state and federal roads in Texas. The number, , is printed on the back of all Texas driver licenses and ID cards, and is for motorists to use when reporting a need for non-emergency assistance. It is not a substitute for and it is not a Customer Service line to answer Driver License questions or other routine matters for other

11. divisions of DPS. It is for motorists who have a legitimate need for assistance on Texas roadways.
The Hotline is answered at DPS Austin Communications by operators who take necessary information from motorists. The information is then relayed to the appropriate police agency that will provide help or send a unit to check on the motorist's welfare until help arrives.
If a motorist is inside a city limits, the call is relayed to the police department with local jurisdiction.
If a motorist is in a rural area, the call is relayed to the sheriff's office having local
jurisdiction.
If a courtesy patrol is available in a certain area, that number is provided to the motorist.
If other agencies cannot or will not respond, calls are relayed to the nearest DPS
Communications facility.
Examples of when a motorist may call the Hotline include:
stranded with car problems;
hazardous road conditions;
debris in the roadway;
suspicious activity at a rest area; and
reporting obviously intoxicated or dangerous drivers.
If the situation is an emergency, motorists should call
– Vehicle Maintenance Objectives:
The student is expected to recognize and identify the purpose for vehicle’s - including vulnerable roadway users - mechanical and tire service requirements utilizing the vehicle owner’s manual as a resource.
Describe the appropriate scheduled and unscheduled maintenance or repair for a vehicle.
Poor vehicle maintenance has a direct effect on safety and can lead to crashes, as well as traffic tickets.

12. Most drivers understand that in order for a vehicle to function, they must fuel it up. What motorists sometimes do not account for is vehicle maintenance. Drivers have to maintain their vehicle in proper working condition in order to ensure that vehicle’s
operating correctly and efficiently. Drivers should check their vehicle’s owner manual to determine the manufacturer’s appropriate maintenance schedule. There are federal and state laws in place to ensure that our vehicles are running productively and safely.
To avoid fines and make sure that your vehicle is meeting state and federal motor vehicle guidelines, maintain your vehicle in the best working condition possible. Check your vehicle’s oil, filters, pumps, lights, wipers, brakes and tires as recommended by the manufacturer to safeguard against poor vehicle maintenance.
Alert Lights and Warning Symbols
As discussed in Module 2, it is essential to recognize instrument panel warning symbols and to know what causes them to become activated. For information about your specific vehicle’s alert lights and warning symbols, check the owner’s manual.
Alert lights come on when there is a problem with one of your vehicle’s systems. Pay attention when these warnings occur, because they may save you from costly vehicle repairs and possible injury. When a warning light comes on and stays on or if one of the gauges indicate there is a problem, check the appropriate section in the owner’s manual that provides instructions to correct the situation.
Remember, gauges and alert lights are designed to help. Operating a vehicle that needs repairs can be extremely dangerous. It is important to complete repairs as soon as possible to avoid serious damage to your vehicle.

13. Whenever you start your vehicle, a series of warning symbols and alert lights will display on the instrument panel, flash for a few seconds and then turn off. These symbols and lights tell the driver that everything in the vehicle is or is not working properly. Furthermore, the instrument panel design allows the driver to know at a glance how the vehicle systems are functioning
Oil pressure warning light or gauge - Warns the driver when the oil is not circulating at the proper pressure or there is not enough oil. This light/gauge does not tell you the amount of oil in the engine. For that you will need to check the oil level using the dipstick. When the oil warning light comes on it is recommended that you stop at the nearest service facility and have the oil level checked.
Alternator/Generator warning light or gauge - Your vehicle’s electrical system is in trouble if this light comes on or the gauge shows “discharge” while the engine is running.
Discharge occurs when the alternator is not generating enough electricity to charge the battery. If this happens the engine must use electricity stored in the battery.
Turn off as many electrical devices as possible (radio, heater/AC, etc.)
If the battery is drained, the vehicle may shut off without additional warning. Have this checked by a repair facility.
Brake system warning light - comes on if one of the dual hydraulic brake systems should fail or, in some vehicles, if the brake fluid is low. If this occurs, have a service technician check the problem.
This warning light serves two purposes:
To show the parking brake is set before moving the vehicle.
To alert you that part or all of the braking system is not working properly or, in some vehicles, the brake fluid is too low. If the brake system is not working properly, pump the brake pedal to regain some brake pressure, brake gradually to a stop, have the vehicle towed, and the problem corrected.
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) light - With an ABS system, this light comes on when you start the vehicle and may stay on for several seconds before turning off. If the light stays on, or comes on when you are driving, it is warning you that there is a problem in the ABS system and should be checked by a mechanic.
Door ajar light - This warning light will illuminate prior to or after starting the engine and then it should go out. When this light remains on, it is telling you that one or more of the vehicle doors is not completely latched. Check and close all doors before driving.

14. If the door open light comes on while you are driving, someone has attempted to open a door or the door latch has not been properly fastened. In either case, it is extremely dangerous. Pull off the road as soon as possible to secure the door.
Opening a door on a moving vehicle should never be attempted. Child-proof locks are installed in most of the vehicles today to prevent young children from accidentally opening a door while the vehicle is moving.
Low fuel warning light - When the low fuel light remains on after you have started your vehicle, or comes on while you are driving, it is telling you that the vehicle fuel levels are low and more fuel will soon be needed. Add fuel as soon as possible. When more fuel is added to the fuel tank the low-fuel warning light will turn off. Don’t ignore this warning or you may run out of fuel and your vehicle will become disabled.
Electrical System - A vehicle requires an elaborate electrical system of circuits to produce, store, and distribute all the electricity required for everyday operation.
The first major component in the electrical system is the battery. Energy is stored in chemical form and can later be used to supply the electricity to start the engine and for running auxiliary devices such as clocks, radios, and alarms when the engine is off.
The next major component is the starter motor, which is used to start the engine.
The third component is a charging device powered by the engine, known as the alternator. It powers the electrical system when the car is running, and restores the electricity stored in the battery.
With these basic components, the car maintains its supply of electricity. A device called the voltage regulator keeps the power level stabilized, and the fuse box keeps minor problems from becoming major ones.
Other Components
Fuse Box - protects the electrical equipment. Refer to the owner’s manual for fuse box location. Keep spare fuses in vehicle at all times.
Ignition Coil - transforms the 12-volt current to a surge of current of many thousands of volts.
Spark Plugs - produce spark to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the engine combustion chambers.
Distributor - controls the production and distribution of the electrical surges to the spark plugs.

15. Starting System - the starting system consists of three components which work in tandem: the ignition switch, the starter relay or solenoid, and the starter motor. The ignition switch controls the starter solenoid, which activates the starter motor. The starter motor then turns the engine until your vehicle starts. This system consumes more electrical power than any other electrical system in your vehicle.
Charging System - consists of three main components: the belt-driven alternator which converts mechanical energy into alternating-current electricity, which is then channeled through diodes that alter it to direct current for the electrical system and for recharging the battery, various electrical circuits, and a voltage regulator. The voltage regulator controls the voltage, keeping it within the operating range of the electrical system.
Accessory Circuits - these power the lights, safety systems, and accessories. This system includes the fuse box, wiring, and any electrically powered equipment.
Vehicle Maintenance
As discussed in Module 2, all drivers have the responsibility of keeping their vehicles safe and well maintained. The owner’s manual is the best way to learn your particular vehicles’ maintenance needs and safety features.
Vehicle Maintenance Self-Checks – Recommended Weekly
Tires
Use a tire gauge to check each tire’s air pressure or ‘Pounds per Square Inch’ (PSI). Inflate or deflate as necessary to meet the manufacturer’s recommended PSI found in the owner’s manual.
Maximum PSI is listed on every tire’s side-wall.
Inspect for damage such as cuts, stones, metal fragments, nails, etc.
Look for bald spots and uneven tread wear.

16. Professional Service – Recommended Every 15,000 Miles
Safety, Communication Devices, and Accessories
Headlights, tail lights, and turn signals.
Emergency kit and markers.
Windshield wiper blades, operation, and washer fluid.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioner systems (HVAC).
Vehicle Maintenance Self-Checks – Recommended Monthly
All exterior and interior lights.
Engine oil level (dipstick), brake fluid level, engine coolant level.
Ensure oil filler cap is secure.
Seat belts and latches for wear and function.
Vehicle Maintenance Self-Checks – Recommended Twice a Year
Power steering fluid level.
Transmission fluid level.
Battery connections.
Air filter.
Drive belts.
Parking brake (check for proper operation).
Hinges, latches, door weather strips, and outside locks.
Air pressure or PSI in spare tire.
Professional Service – Recommended Every 3,000 to 5,000 Miles
Oil change and oil filter replacement.
Tire rotation and balance.
Professional Service – Recommended Every 15,000 Miles

17. Automatic transmission fluid level.
Brake system check (pads, shoes, rotors, drums, brake lines, hoses, and parking brake).
Engine cooling system.
Steering and suspension.
Professional Service – Recommended Every 30,000 Miles
Radiator flush and coolant replacement.
Exhaust system.
Fuel filter replacement.
Drive belts.
Automatic transmission service.
– Trip Planning Objectives:
The student is expected to recognize the purpose for trip planning.
List the reduced-risk driving practices for trip planning including recognition of work zone and construction areas.
Trip Planning - Whether it is a short or long trip, by planning your route ahead of time, you will not only avoid putting yourself in a situation where you may have to deal with traffic congestion, but also decrease the odds of getting a ticket or being involved in a crash.
It is always important for drivers to be well rested before driving. Fatigue greatly increases the odds of drivers being involved in a crash. You also want to make sure that

18. you are feeling well. Drivers often fail to consider how much illness can affect their ability to operate a motor vehicle. Whether a driver has allergies, a headache or a cold,
ailments interfere with the normal ability to function and drive, and make it more difficult to concentrate on the task at hand.
Before leaving on a trip, drivers should check state and local news for traffic congestion and weather reports.
Most news stations will have a segment dedicated specifically to that day’s traffic and weather. The advantage that drivers will gain by preparing their travel based on such reports is invaluable. A driver can map out their trip ahead of time and find alternate routes to avoid congested areas, street closures, detours and delays due to vehicle breakdowns and crashes.
Watching the weather report is also a huge advantage in assisting drivers with trip planning. If you are able to determine which roads are either flooded or closed due to inclement weather (ice, sleet, snow, rain, dangerous winds), you will be able avoid dangerous and unfavorable road conditions and in turn decrease the odds of delays and crashes.
Planning your trip around heavy peak or rush hour traffic is also very beneficial in avoiding congestion. Anticipate traffic congestion and mentally prepare yourself for possible delays. If a driver is aware of the peak travel times, he or she will be able to either find alternate routes and/or alternate driving times.

19. As drivers, we are in most cases aware of roads that are congested and the times that they are congested. If you know that a particular route that you travel is congested between the hours of 6 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. on your morning commute and between the hours of 3:30 p.m. and 7:00 p.m. during your afternoon commute, under normal weather and road conditions, than you should plan your trip by either leaving before or after the congestion occurs. If you consider abnormal weather and road conditions, a driver should allow for additional travel time.
Some drivers may be thinking trip planning is easier said than done and do not want to arrive at their destination, i.e. “work” before their scheduled start of the day. As a safe and defensive driver, you should consider the advantages of arriving early rather than
late, even when it comes to work. By arriving early to a destination, a driver will not only avoid taking risks that they wouldn’t take under normal circumstances, but also decrease the amount of stress that results from feeling rushed or being late.
The worst-case scenario by planning your trip ahead of time is that you arrive early. By planning your trip ahead of time, drivers will afford themselves the opportunity to account for unforeseen weather and road conditions and decrease the chances of getting cited, having a crash, taking unneeded risks and decreasing stress levels.
If you are planning a holiday or vacation getaway, such as during the Fourth of July, Memorial Day or Thanksgiving, you should be aware that traveling the day of the particular holiday may be much more problematic than leaving a few days before.
The same applies for travel after the particular holiday. Drivers should avoid traveling the day of the holiday or immediately after and should allow themselves a “buffer” zone either before or after heavily traveled holidays. A large number of motor vehicle fatalities occur on popular holidays. By planning your road trip ahead of time and allowing yourself plenty of travel time before and after scheduled travel plans, you may decrease the odds of a road tragedy and help increase the odds of safe arrival to and from your destination.

20. To go on an extended trip for work or vacation, the first step to determine your destination and what route you will take to get there. You may select to take a scenic
route, or a more direct, quicker route by staying on a freeway or interstate highway system. Whichever route you take, plan carefully. Maps and travel guides can be
obtained from service stations, bookstores, motor clubs, the local chamber of commerce, state, regional and city tourism bureaus or the Internet to help planning.
Plan ahead:
Prepare your vehicle for the trip.
Decide what you need to take.
Pack emergency equipment in case of bad weather conditions.
Make personal preparations.
Plan for trip precautions.
Learn to read a map.
Calculate trip costs.
Maps - Whether planning a trip out of state or trying to locate an address in a nearby city or your own home town, using a map in advance to determine the best way to get there can make driving less stressful. The sudden braking and/or change of lanes when a driver realizes that he/she is about to miss their turn or exist has caused many crashes. Unfortunately, some people either do not take the time to plan their trip correctly or do not know how to use a map.
When planning you may use a variety of different maps:
National - displays routes across the entire country.

21. Regional - will display several states within geographical areas that are joined to one another such as southeast, northeast, central, northwest, and southwest regions.
State - show more detail, displaying all roadways (primary and secondary) in that state.
City - provide an even more detailed look at the city or town you are driving through, enabling you to locate street addresses.
Map Features - Maps typically have a chart or legend that explains the markings and symbols:
Different colors and widths of lines to identify classes of roads (Interstates, toll roads, two-lane, and four-lane divided and undivided, unpaved, scenic, and roads under construction).
Symbols for federal, state, secondary, and county roads.
Black and red numerals to indicate mileage between major points.
Identification of rest areas.
Toll roads and service areas.
Airports.
Camp ground facilities.
Symbols for cities and towns of a given population.
Scale of miles.
Global Positioning System (GPS) - Some vehicles have factory installed GPS or a person may add the system (permanent or portable) to the vehicle. The system allows drivers to plan their route/trip and see or hear turn by turn directions to the destination. The GPS also may be used to locate stolen vehicles or disabled vehicles.
Internet Map Search - Many internet map programs are available to help individuals plan to reach their destination. After entering the current location address and destination address, the program provides detailed directions to reach the destination.
Estimating Costs - The basic costs one can anticipate for any trip includes fuel, lodging, meals, and tolls. Fuel prices will vary, but you can estimate them by using the price of gasoline in your area. Prices for lodging typically run higher during the peak vacation periods, but family-oriented chains have rooms available for one or two persons in the $80 to $100 range. Estimates for food can vary widely, depending on the section of the country, type of restaurant, and whether meals are eaten picnic style. As long as you don’t eat in upscale restaurants, meals will range from about $25 to $40 per day.
By making motel/hotel reservations in advance, expenses can be predetermined, as can tolls (by checking the information provided on state maps or checking with an automobile club.) Fuel costs can be estimated by determining, as closely as possible,

22. the number of miles you will be driving to and from your vacation site, and then by adding 50 to 100 miles to cover local travel and side trips. The miles to and from your destination can be determined by checking the map’s mileage chart, or if that is not provided, adding up the mileage indicated by the miles traveled between points indicated in red and/or black on the map. After calculating the number of miles to be traveled, divide that number by the average miles per gallon (mpg) that your vehicle usually gets. For instance, if the trip involves about 1,500 miles, and the vehicle averages 22 mpg, the calculation would be 1,500 divided by 22 that is a little over 68 gallons of fuel. Sixty-eight gallons of fuel at $2.50 per gallon will cost $170.
In addition to these costs, there are other expenses such as admission to theme or recreation parks, shows, etc. Figuring these costs in advance will result in a stressfree and happy experience.
Personal Preparation - The vehicle has been prepared, the route has been planned, and the vehicle is packed. Final preparations should be considered, such as:
Money, credit cards and change for tolls;
A list of emergency telephone numbers for roadside assistance (if you have a membership), motor and travel clubs, road and weather reports;
A map with your route clearly marked;
Information about road construction projects along planned routes;
Telephone numbers for the accommodations you have reserved (in case you need to alter a reservation);
Let a family member or trusted friend know how to reach you in an emergency;
Determine approximate cost of fuel, meals, lodging, and entertainment;
Get plenty of sleep the night before you start the trip; and
Remember to buckle up.
Planning an Extended Trip
Preparing the Vehicle - Have your vehicle serviced about two weeks before going on a long road trip. This will allow you time to be sure your vehicle is functioning correctly before you leave. Vehicle service and checks should include:
Tires - inflation, balance, alignment, condition of tread and sidewalls;
Brakes;
Windshield wiper blades;
Lights;
Tune-up;
Oil change;
Lubrication;
Filters;
Hoses;
Belts; and

23. Fluids.
Even though you have serviced your vehicle, it is always a good idea to have basic and emergency equipment in the car. Breakdowns can happen anytime with little or no warning.
Basic Equipment
Maps with routes marked.
Flashlight with spare batteries.
First-aid kit.
Spare tire (be sure to have it checked each time you have your tires rotated).
Jack, lug wrench, and wheel blocks.
Tool box with screwdrivers and wrenches.
Vehicle owner's manual.
Insurance information.
Car registration.
Battery jumper cables.
Fuses.
Tire pressure gauge.
Items to Have for Unexpected Events
Often, we don't think about what we need in an emergency situation until we're in one. Whether you have a flat tire or another roadside emergency, it is recommended to have the following items in your car, in addition to the basics listed above:
Scissors;
Blanket;
Small hammer;
Flares;
Snack food;
Sealant for small leaks in tires;
Duct tape;
Fire extinguisher;
Empty gas can;
Can of motor oil;
Portable radio with spare batteries;
Emergency phone numbers of family and friends;
Bottled water;
Paper;
Pen or pencil;
Pre-moistened towelettes;
Window scraper for ice;
Cell phone; and
Reflective vest.

24. Watch Out for Vulnerable Roadway Users
Load Considerations - Proper loading of your vehicle is an essential safety consideration. When a lot of weight is added to a vehicle, it changes the way it responds. An improperly loaded vehicle will become especially difficult to handle in an
emergency maneuver or high winds. Use common sense. Distribute weight evenly throughout and do not over-pack the vehicle. Remember that loaded car-top carriers or luggage racks raise the vehicle’s center of gravity, which adversely affects braking and steering.
Trip Precautions - If you are the only person driving, use good judgment and do not exceed six to eight hours of driving in any single day. If you plan to share the driving with one or more persons, the total driving time should not exceed 10 to 11 hours.
When traveling on a major highway you will travel on average about 100 to 110 miles every two hours. Plan to take minute breaks every two to three hours and one- hour stops for meals.
Since two out of three traffic fatalities occur a night, avoid driving after dark when visibility is limited and when you are more likely to fall asleep while driving.
Watch Out for Vulnerable Roadway Users
Texas drivers must move over or slow down when approaching TxDOT workers and vehicles that are stopped with overhead flashing blue or amber lights. The state’s Move Over/Slow Down law, which traditionally has required drivers to yield to police, fire and emergency vehicles, has been expanded to provide that same protection for Texas Department of Transportation workers.
The new addition to the Move Over law requires motorists to move out of the lane closest to the TxDOT vehicle when possible or reduce their speed to 20 miles per hour below the posted limit. If the road does not offer multiple lanes, the driver must slow down. On roadways with posted speed limits of 25 miles per hour or less, drivers must reduce their speed to 5 miles per hour. Violators can be fined up to $2,000.
Attention: Work Zone Ahead – English (Video length 7:13) -
Atencion: Zona de Trabajo Adelante - Spanish (Video length 9:16) -
Driving Plan Objectives:
- The student is expected to identify, analyze, and minimize risk utilizing reduced- risk driving practices in the HTS by incorporating the knowledge and skills of

25. Module Ten, Vehicle Requirements, into the Driving Plan.
The student will explain or list the knowledge and skills learned in Module 10, Vehicle Requirements to reduce the human and societal costs of motor vehicle traffic crashes, deaths, and injuries by implementing effective highway safety countermeasures and changing current driving culture to one that emphasizes safety, economy and civility.
Safety - Legal and responsible reduced risk driving practices.
Economy - Consumer responsibility, conservation, environmental protection, and litter prevention.
Civility - Showing of politeness in one's attitude and behavior toward others. This includes sharing the roadway with other roadway users including pedestrians, motorcyclists, bicyclists, trucks, construction workers, animals, trains, etc.
The student should enter the following into their Driving Plan and complete the statements:
Safety: I will use the information I learned in Module 10, Vehicle Requirements to develop legal and responsible reduced risk driving practices by…
Economy: I will use the information I learned in Module 10, Vehicle Requirements to take responsibility, conserve environmental resources, and develop environmentally friendly driving practices by…
Civility: I will use the information I learned in Module 10, Vehicle Requirements to develop courteous driving behaviors and to share the roadways with other roadway users by…

26. Module 10 – Vehicle Requirements Quiz
(Value 4 points each)
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Almost all highway blowouts and tread separations occur with the car traveling in a straight line on a very hot day at high speeds with .
overdrive
an underinflated tire
an overinflated tire
minimum traction
2. If you have a blowout, you should .
quickly and firmly brake
turn the wheel sharply to the right to get off the road
activate ABS
remove foot from accelerator and brake gently if necessary
3. Before changing a tire, .
park away from traffic and on level ground
place the vehicle’s gear shift lever in PARK
set the parking brake and remove the keys from the ignition
all of the above
4. A total loss of lights in conjunction with power loss is usually caused by a .
burned out fuse
lack of oil
lack of gasoline
defective radiator
5. In addition to assisting stranded motorists, the DPS Stranded Motorist hotline can be dialed when you .
need 911
can’t pay the toll
observe an intoxicated driver
none of these
6. When performing vehicle maintenance self-checks, the
should be checked twice a year.
air pressure in the tires
engine oil level
gasoline level
air filter

27. 7. The temperature light will come on in your vehicle when the .
battery is low
coolant is too hot
heater is on
door is ajar
8. If the accelerator sticks and the engine is racing, .
turn key to off position
get out of the vehicle
shift to park
shift to neutral
9. If too much fuel reaches the engine, .
the warning lights will come on
the engine will become flooded and may not start
drain it before turning the key
10. If the brakes fail, .
shift to a lower gear
use the parking brake to slow down
pump the brakes
all of the above
11. The vehicle electrical system consists primarily of .
carburetor, battery, fuel lines
battery, starter and alternator
starter, solenoid and distributor
fuses, spark plugs and distributor
12. Maps contain legends that .
explain what the symbols and markings mean
provide the history of each city
lists each city
none of the above
13. When driving on extended trips, breaks should be taken .
every 500 miles
every 4 hours
every 2 hours or 100 miles
every 6 hours or 500 miles

28. 14. The basic costs one can anticipate for any trip includes .
fuel and lodging
meals and tolls
towing charges and car rental
both a & b
15. Violators of the Move Over Law can be fined up to . a. $1,000
b. $2,000
c. $3,000 d. $4,000
TRUE/FALSE
16. Proper tire tread reduces traction loss on wet surfaces by channeling water through the tread.
17. With an ABS equipped vehicle you must pump the brakes to stop.
18. Communication with other roadway users is important when vehicle malfunctions occur while driving.
19. The most common reason your vehicle won't start is a dead battery.
20. The Internet is the best way to learn your particular vehicles’ maintenance needs and safety features.
21. Uneven tire tread wear can indicate problems with the suspension system.
22. If the power steering fails, you can still steer but must use more effort.
23. ABS engages every time a driver uses the brakes.
24. When preparing for a long trip, it is not necessary to get your vehicle serviced.
25. Loaded luggage racks and car top carriers affect vehicle balance.

29. Answer Key – for Instructor Use (Value 4 points each)
Module 10 – Vehicle Requirements Quiz
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Almost all highway blowouts and tread separations occur with the car traveling in a straight line on a very hot day at high speeds with .
overdrive
an underinflated tire
an overinflated tire
minimum traction
2. If you have a blowout, you should .
quickly and firmly brake
turn the wheel sharply to the right to get off the road
activate ABS
remove foot from accelerator and brake gently if necessary
3. Before changing a tire, .
park away from traffic and on level ground
place the vehicle’s gear shift lever in PARK
set the parking brake and remove the keys from the ignition
all of the above
4. A total loss of lights in conjunction with power loss is usually caused by a .
burned out fuse
lack of oil
lack of gasoline
defective radiator
5. In addition to assisting stranded motorists, the DPS Stranded Motorist hotline can be dialed when you .
need 911
can’t pay the toll
observe an intoxicated driver
none of these

30. 6. When performing vehicle maintenance self-checks, the
should be checked twice a year.
air pressure in the tires
engine oil level
gasoline level
air filter
7. The temperature light will come on in your vehicle when the .
battery is low
coolant is too hot
heater is on
door is ajar
8. If the accelerator sticks and the engine is racing, .
turn key to off position
get out of the vehicle
shift to park
shift to neutral
9. If too much fuel reaches the engine, .
the warning lights will come on
the engine will become flooded and may not start
drain it before turning the key
10. If the brakes fail, .
shift to a lower gear
use the parking brake to slow down
pump the brakes
all of the above
11. The vehicle electrical system consists primarily of .
carburetor, battery, fuel lines
battery, starter and alternator
starter, solenoid and distributor
fuses, spark plugs and distributor
12. Maps contain legends that .
explain what the symbols and markings mean
provide the history of each city
lists each city
none of the above

31. 13. When driving on extended trips, breaks should be taken .
every 500 miles
every 4 hours
every 2 hours or 100 miles
every 6 hours or 500 miles
14. The basic costs one can anticipate for any trip includes .
fuel and lodging
meals and tolls
towing charges and car rental
both a & b
15. Violators of the Move Over Law can be fined up to . a. $1,000
b. $2,000
c. $3,000 d. $4,000
TRUE/FALSE
T 16. Proper tire tread reduces traction loss on wet surfaces by channeling water through the tread.
F 17. With an ABS equipped vehicle you must pump the brakes to stop.
T 18. Communication with other roadway users is important when vehicle malfunctions occur while driving.
T 19. The most common reason your vehicle won't start is a dead battery.
F 20. The Internet is the best way to learn your particular vehicles’ maintenance needs and safety features.
T 21. Uneven tire tread wear can indicate problems with the suspension system.
T 22. If the power steering fails, you can still steer but must use more effort.
F 23. ABS engages every time a driver uses the brakes.
F 24. When preparing for a long trip, it is not necessary to get your vehicle serviced.
T 25. Loaded luggage racks and car top carriers affect vehicle balance.

32. The student must master each module with a score of 70% or better in order to progress to the next module. If the student scores lower than 70%, they must repeat the module until mastery is obtained.