1. Conflict and Cooperation Consequences of the Indo-Pakistani War: Second Kashmir War 1965 (Lecture 10)

2. Brief recap- Causes of Kashmir War Lord Louis Mountbatten (centre) together with Jinnah and Nehru deciding on partition of Brit India British India was partitioned between India and Pakistan However????? Kashmir Question Maharajah Singh the Hindu ruler of Kashmir was undecided to either join India or Pakistan and wanted to remain independent

3. Pathan tribesman invaded Kashmir to overthrow the Maharajah Hari Singh Fearing his life, Maharajah signed the Instrument of Accession to India to indicate joining them Indian troops enter Kashmir to secure Srinagar (capital) and prevented the tribal and Pakistani army from capturing Kashmir valley

4. Revisit- Kashmir conflict and LOC

5. Lecture Outline  Background to the Indo-Pak talks  Failed talks 1962-1963  1965 Second Kashmir War  Consequences of Second Kashmir War  Reaction in Indian Kashmir  1971 East Pakistan War  Simla Agreements of 1972  1975 Kashmir Accord  Rise of fundamentalism in state of Kashmir

6. Background to Indo-Pak talks over Kashmir 1962 Sino-Indian War  A short border war between India and China over the Aksai Chin region.  China annexed Aksai Chin Consequences  Indian army ill-equipped for high altitude fighting  Nehru- changed the non- alignment stance to accept USA’s military aid  Seek a solution to Kashmir question- begin talks with Pakistan

7. Failed talks 1962-1963 Indian-Pakistan Talks on Kashmir  Supported by Anglo- American counterparts- present a united front against communist China  Pakistan- Initially unhappy that India was given equal footing, no more America’s ‘most favoured- ally’ General Ayub Khan led a coup to become a military dictator in 1958 of Pakistan

8. Failed talks 1962-1963  India- suggested that LOC (ceasefire line) should become international boundary  Pakistan- internationalise the Kashmir valley to replace the Indian force  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto claimed, ‘Kashmir is to Pakistan what Berlin is to the West’.  Talks failed- committee was disbanded due to severe disagreements  UN initiatives failed due to the Soviet veto

9. 1965 2nd Kashmir War Pakistan proxy wars to bleed India  Pakistan- unhappy with ‘status quo’ and wanted the lucrative Kashmir Valley from Indian control  1965- clash between border patrols escalated into full-scale conflict  Plebiscite front- held a strike against Abdullah’s arrest  USA and UK announced halving of military aid  UN sponsored ceasefire to halt hostilities

10. Consequences of the 2 nd Kashmir Conflict  Pakistan technically lost the war but India agreed to withdraw from Sindh province and parts of Punjab near Lahore  US preoccupied with Vietnam and UK  India- no concessions because Pakistan failed to win any territories Kashmir- integral part of India- not negotiable  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (F.M. of Pakistan)- Pakistan war dead referred to ‘martyrs’ for freedom

11. Reaction in Indian occupied Kashmir (1958-1970s)  Young Kashmiris- instigated political dissent against India for ‘self-determination’  However- large sections of India preferred to remain in secular India  Muslims in Kashmir- pro Hindu Jana Singh party- want to reduce the Muslim mahjority  Kashmiri nationalist- took notice of success of rebels in Algeria and Vietnam  1965- Armed wing of Plebiscite Front was called National Liberation Front (NLF)  1970s- Al Fatah- used violence and sabotage to fight for Kashmir- hijacking of an Indian airplane

12. Pakistan Civil War (1971) East vs West Pakistan East Pakistan seceded to become Bangladesh in 1971

13. Simla Agreements 1972 Signing of the Simla Agreement by Pakistani P.M Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indian P.M Indira Gandhi

14. Simla Agreements 1972  1971- East Pakistan became an independent republic- Bangladesh  India supported the Bengali freedom fighters  However Simla Agreements over Kashmir was not conclusive  Absence from the clause- regarding any plebiscite  Azad Kashmir- actual accession into Pakistan- no more union towards Indian Kashmir  Essentially no Kashmiris participated on the negotiations which infuriated them

15. Next week  Kashmir Accords and Rise of fundamentalist movement in state of Kashmir… (Lecture 10 and 11)

16. Lecture Outline  Background to the Indo-Pak talks  Failed talks 1962-1963  1965 Second Kashmir War  Consequences of Second Kashmir War  Reaction in Indian Kashmir  1971 East Pakistan War  Simla Agreements of 1972  1975 Kashmir Accord  Rise of fundamentalism in state of Kashmir

17. Background to Kashmir Accords  Kashmiris did not participate in the Simla Agreements  Sheik Abdullah- greater autonomy within India rather than plebiscite  Zulfikar Ali Bhutto- self determination of the Kashmiri people  Sheik Abdullah- spoke against any Pakistani intervention in the internal affairs of the Kashmiri state In India  Indira Gandhi- capitalized on Sheik’s favourable stance towards India

18. Kashmir Accords of 1975  Kashmir- despite the ‘special status’, article 370 Indian Constitution- unit of the Union of India  Sheik Abdullah- confirmed this accord to officially enter the Indian Union  Kashmir- Federal state of India  Indian standpoint- movement of self determination with the accords

19. Rise of fundamentalist movement in Kashmir  Opposition to the Kashmir Accords- the ‘free will’ of the people were ignored- forced to join India  Kashmiri youth- turned towards fundamentalism  Other religious groups begin to assert themselves- Hindu and Sikhs  Jammat-I Islami- schools run by Islamic fundamentalist- inspired by the Islamic revolution in Iran and especially the Islamic Afghan resistance against Soviet Union

20. Failure of electoral success in Kashmir- Rise of Fundamentalism  Sheik Abdullah- died in 1982- climate of religious fervor- rise of communalism  Islamic party- Muslim United Front (MUF) would lose the state election  National Conference (Farooq Abdullah) and Congress won  Discontentment- Election was rigged  MUF- angered by lack of electoral success, alienated and so radicalised  Violence increased- JKLF blamed for internal disorder

21. Pakistan perspective- Rise of Nuclear Threat  Kashmir Accord- ‘sell out’ and violated terms of Simla  Bhutto- demanded a general strike in Pakistan  May 1974- India’s first nuclear explosion  Pakistan felt extremely threatened  Abdul Qadeer Khan- tasked to develop nuclear capabilities