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Enlightenment in Europe
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Enlightenment : a new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individual to solve problems The Age of Reason Great change to Western Civilization
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New Views on Government Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan Social Contract Hand over rights to a strong ruler Law and order John Locke: Learn from experiences Natural rights Government protects the rights Foundation of modern democracy
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Advocating for Reason Philosophes: social critics of the enlightenment period Believed could apply reason to all aspects of life 1. Reason Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking 2. Nature The philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable 3. Happiness The philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hereafter and urged people to seek well-being on earth 4. Progress The philosophes stressed that society and human kind could improve 5. Liberty The philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
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Voltaire Brilliant and influential philosophes Often used satire against his opponents Frequent targets Clergy, aristocracy and the government Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief and freedom of speech “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.”
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Rousseau Individual freedom Civilization corrupted peoples natural goodness Direct democracy Give up some freedom for the common good Agreement among freed individuals to create a society and government Inspired the French Revolution Montesquieu Political liberty Branches, separation of power in the government Ideas = checks and balances
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Cesare Bonesana Beccaria Justice System Laws existed to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes Rights to speedy trials Never use torture Abolish capital punishment
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Women’s Equality Marty Astell Addressed the lack of educational opportunities Unequal relationship in marriage “If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves.” Mary Wollstonecraft Argued women needed education Should enter fields such as medicine and politics
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The Enlightenment Spreads Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital Many people came to Paris to study and share ideas Salons : regular social gatherings in large mansions. Philosophers, writers, artists and scientists would gather
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Diderot Denis Diderot created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays Book was called, Encyclopedia It was censored by governments and churches Undermined royal authority, encouraged revolt, morally corrupt The Salons and the Encyclopedias helped spread the ideas of enlightenment thinkers Newspapers, pamphlets and political songs
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New Artistic Styles Baroque: characterized by a grand, ornate design Seen in places such as The Palace of Versailles. Simple and elegant styles – borrowed ideas from classical Greece and Rome Became known as Neoclassical Changes in music style Classical music emerged Mozart, Beethoven
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Legacy of the Enlightenment Encouraged reform, not always active revolutionaries Belief in progress Growth of knowledge took form Urge of greater social equality More secular outlook Openly question religion Promote religious tolerance Importance of the individual Looked to themselves for guidance Use own ability to find reason
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Scientific Revolution Beginnings
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Scholars usually looked to ancient Greek or Roman authors or to the Bible People rarely challenged scientific ideas of ancient thinkers or the church However, Reformation and Enlightenment sparked revolution throughout Europe
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Medieval View Earth was an immovable object located at the center of the universe The moon, the sun and planets all moved in perfectly circular paths around earth The sun appeared to be moving around the earth due to sun-sets and sun-rises Geocentric Theory - Aristotle Christianity taught people that God had deliberately placed the earth at the center.
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A New Way of Thinking As scholars replaced old assumptions with new theories they launched a change in European thought Scientific Revolution New way to think about the natural world Used careful observations and willingness to question accepted beliefs
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Causes of the Revolution Discoveries and circumstances led to the scientific revolution European explorers traveled to places with lands that had people and animals unknown to them Opened them to the idea of new truths to be found This age of exploration fueled scientific research especially in astronomy and mathematics. Navigators would need better instruments for travel Scientists looked more closely at the world around them making observations that did not match ancient thought They had reached the limit of the classical worlds knowledge - still needed to know more
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