1. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Psychological Disorders

2. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? The definition of ________ includes any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community. A. insanity B. mental disorders C. Both of the above

3. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? The definition of ________ includes any behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community. A. insanity B. mental disorders C. Both of the above

4. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) Provides clear diagnostic description of the various mental disorders Is designed to assist mental health professionals in the determination of who does and who does not suffer from a mental illness Currently in its fifth edition (DSM-5)

5. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Explosion of mental disorders Supporters of new categories answer that it is important to distinguish disorders precisely. Critics point to economics: diagnoses are needed for insurance reasons for therapists to be compensated.

6. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Concerns about the DSM The danger of overdiagnosis The power of diagnostic labels Confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems The illusion of objectivity

7. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Advantages of the DSM When the manual is used correctly and diagnoses are made with valid objective tests, the DSM improves the reliability of diagnosis. It also may be a helpful tool in making the most effective treatments available to those suffering from different disorders.

8. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? It is critical that a clinical psychologist be aware of a client’s culture when making a diagnosis. A. True B. False

9. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? It is critical that a clinical psychologist be aware of a client’s culture when making a diagnosis. A. True B. False

10. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Culture and DSM Culture-bound syndromes Sets of symptoms specific to the culture in which they occur Studying which conditions are unique to specific cultures can help researchers get a better understanding of the universality of other disorders.

11. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris

12. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Projective tests Psychological tests used to infer a person’s motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person’s interpretation of ambiguous stimuli Can be particularly useful for assessing children who may have issues that are shameful or embarrassing to discuss. The validity and reliability of such tests are often called into question. Rorschach inkblot test A projective personality test that asks respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots

13. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Objective tests (Inventories) Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses Typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves Inventories are generally more reliable and valid than either projective methods or subjective clinical judgments.

14. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory A widely used personality instrument Includes ten indices, or scales, of personality Also includes validity scales designed to make sure that respondents are answering in a true and honest fashion

15. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Generalized anxiety disorder A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentrating, and signs of motor tension Genetic predisposition Genes may be involved in causing abnormalities in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. Experience Some chronically anxious people have a history, starting in childhood, of being unable to control or predict their environments.

16. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life- threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving the trauma, and increased physiological arousal Diagnosed only if symptoms persist for one month or longer May immediately follow event or occur later

17. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Panic disorder  A panic attack is a period of intense fear and feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heart rate and dizziness.  Such attacks may come out of nowhere, but often occur in response to extended stress, prolonged emotions, specific worries, or frightening experiences.

18. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you know? When Charlie takes a test, his heart begins pounding, his palms begin to sweat, and he has a difficult time breathing. Charlie worries that he is about to have a heart attack. Which type of disorder might Charlie have? A. Generalized anxiety disorder B. Panic disorder C. PTSD

19. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you know? When Charlie takes a test, his heart begins pounding, his palms begin to sweat, and he has a difficult time breathing. Charlie worries that he is about to have a heart attack. Which type of disorder might Charlie have? A. Generalized anxiety disorder B. Panic disorder C. PTSD

20. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Phobias Phobia An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object Social phobia Individuals become extremely anxious in situations in which they will be observed by others - eating in a restaurant, speaking in public, having to perform for an audience. Agoraphobia A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person

21. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety Person understands that the ritual behavior is senseless but anxiety mounts if the behavior is not performed.

22. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Your turn If you have the persistent thought that gremlins are sabotaging any airplane you are on or will be on, then you have a(n) _____. If you cannot stop asking for more water during flights, then you have a(n) _____. 1. Obsession; compulsion 2. Compulsion; obsession 3. Phobia; obsession 4. Plane ticket; pet camel

23. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Your turn If you have the persistent thought that gremlins are sabotaging any airplane you are on or will be on, then you have a(n) _____. If you cannot stop asking for more water during flights, then you have a(n) _____. 1. Obsession; compulsion 2. Compulsion; obsession 3. Phobia; obsession 4. Plane ticket; pet camel

24. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Depression Major depression A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite), which last at least two weeks

25. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Symptoms of depression Depressed mood Reduced interest in almost all activities Overeating or not eating much at all Sleeping too much or too little Fatigue Difficulty with concentration

26. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Bipolar disorder A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur

27. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you know? Serena sometimes feels absolutely on top of the world. She feels ecstatic for no apparent reason, and everything around her seems to be wonderful and beautiful. However, after a few weeks of feeling great, Serena becomes horribly upset, begins sleeping 12 hours a day, and constantly crying. Which disorder might Serena have? A. Clinical depression B. Bipolar disorder

28. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you know? Serena sometimes feels absolutely on top of the world. She feels ecstatic for no apparent reason, and everything around her seems to be wonderful and beautiful. However, after a few weeks of feeling great, Serena becomes horribly upset, begins sleeping 12 hours a day, and constantly crying. Which disorder might Serena have? A. Clinical depression B. Bipolar disorder

29. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Although genetic predisposition for depression plays a significant role in whether someone develops it, stressors in the environment, such as divorce, also can have an major effect on the onset and expression of depression. A. True B. False

30. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? Although genetic predisposition for depression plays a significant role in whether someone develops it, stressors in the environment, such as divorce, also can have an major effect on the onset and expression of depression. A. True B. False

31. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Vulnerability-stress model An approach that emphasizes how individual vulnerabilities interact with external stressors or circumstances to produce mental disorders

32. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Origins of depression Genetic predispositions Violence, childhood physical abuse, and parental neglect Losses of important relationships Cognitive habits

33. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Biological theories of depression 5-HTT is a gene that is present in either a long or short form. Those with a short form of the gene may be more likely to respond to a stressful or traumatic event by developing depressive symptoms

34. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Cognitive habits Cognitive explanations emphasize habits of thinking and ways of interpreting one’s situation. Depressed people believe their situation is permanent and uncontrollable. Rumination - depressed individuals tend to brood about negative aspects of their lives.

35. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Personality disorders Personality disorder Maladaptive patterns that cause great personal distress or an inability to get along with others Borderline personality disorder Characterized by intense but unstable relationships, impulsiveness, self-mutilating behavior, feelings of emptiness, and a fear of abandonment by others. Antisocial personality disorder (APD) Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible, antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking, violence, and other impulsive, restless acts. (psychopathy or sociopathy)

36. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Causes of APD Abnormalities in the central nervous system Impaired frontal-lobe functioning Genetic influences Environmental events

37. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Biology and addiction The biological model holds that addiction is due primarily to a person’s neurology and genetic predisposition.

38. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Learning, culture, and addiction Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices. Policies of total abstinence tend to increase addiction rates rather than reduce them. Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug. Addiction does not depend on properties of the drug alone but also on the reasons for taking it.

39. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Problems with drugs are more likely when a person… has a genetic vulnerability to a drug. believes he or she has no control over the drug. lives in a culture that promotes and encourages binge- drinking or discourages moderate drug use. comes to rely on the drug as a method of avoiding problems, suppressing anger or fear, or coping with stress.

40. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Dissociative identity disorder A controversial disorder marked by the appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits Formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD)

41. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris MPD – two competing viewpoints First view Starts in childhood as a means of coping. Trauma produced a mental splitting. Second view Created through pressure and suggestion by clinicians. Shift from handfuls of diagnoses to ten thousand diagnoses since 1980.

42. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris MPD explained MPD is an extreme form of our ability to present many aspects of our personalities to others. MPD is a socially acceptable way for some troubled people to make sense of potentially embarrassing past troubles or behaviors. Therapists looking for MPD may reward patients with attention and praise for revealing more and more personalities.

43. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Symptoms of schizophrenia Bizarre delusions Hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness Disorganized, incoherent speech Grossly disorganized and inappropriate behavior Impaired cognitive abilities

44. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Delusions and hallucinations Delusions Odd or unusual ways of thinking that are not founded in reality Hallucinations False sensory experiences that feel intensely real The most common type is an auditory hallucination.

45. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? If you have an identical twin who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, there is almost a 50% chance that you will develop the disorder as well. A. True B. False

46. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris What do you think? If you have an identical twin who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, there is almost a 50% chance that you will develop the disorder as well. A. True B. False

47. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Genetic vulnerability The risk of developing schizophrenia increases as the genetic relatedness with a diagnosed schizophrenic increases.

48. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Prenatal problems or birth complications Damage to the fetal brain increases chances of schizophrenia and other mental disorders. May occur as a function of maternal illness. May also occur if brain injury or oxygen deprivation occurs at birth.

49. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Biological events during adolescence Normal pruning of excessive synapses in the brain occurs during adolescence. In schizophrenics, a greater number of synapses are pruned away. May explain why first episode occurs in adolescence or early adulthood.

50. C H A P T E R ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 11 Invitation to Psychology, 5e Carole Wade and Carol Tavris Video – Multi personality disorder