1. Chapter 5 Theories of Development Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Objectives 1. List theories of personality development. 2. Discuss one behavioral theory of development. 3. Discuss one psychosocial theory of development. 4. Discuss one environmental theory of development. 5. Discuss one cognitive theory of development. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2

3. Objectives (cont.) 6. Discuss the major forces that influence an adult learner. 7. Discuss how understanding developmental theories can enhance the ability to teach an individual who may be in a specific stage of development. 8. List some physiological, cognitive, personality, social, and emotional changes that occur over the life span. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3

4. Objectives (cont.) 9. Discuss the uniqueness of individual personality and behavior at each stage of the life cycle. 10. Practice a deeper understanding of self and family. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4

5. Key Terms  behavioral theories  behaviorist theory  classical conditioning  cognitive theories  Electra anxiety  extrovert  humanist theories  information processing  introvert  looking-glass self  moral reasoning  Oedipus complex  operant conditioning  psychodynamic theories  social-learning theory  sociocultural theories Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5

6. Definition  Psychodynamic theories  Behavioral theories  Humanist theories  Cognitive theories  Sociocultural theories Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6

7. Importance of Understanding Developmental Theories  Changes in physiology, psychology, and behavior that occur normally at different stages in the lifespan.  Behaviors influenced by culture, environment, past experiences, family, health status, and the reaction of the individual  Understanding what affects growth and development helps predict and recognize behaviors. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7

8. Selected Theories of Development  Including theories by Freud, Jung, Erikson, Levinson, Piaget, Loevinger, Kegan, Vygotsky, Brofenbrenner, Maslow, Rogers, Watson, Pavlov and Skinner, Bandura and Mischel, Kohlberg, Cooley and Mead, Peck, Havighurst, and Atchley Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8

9. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)  Conflict occurs when society provides mixed messages, causing the unconscious (id) to produce anxiety, which rises to the surface (conscious or ego) and becomes evident to the individual in his or her feelings and behavior  Oedipus complex  Electra anxiety Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9

10. Defense Mechanisms for Coping  Rationalization  Repression  Projection  Displacement  Reaction formation  Regression  Identification  Sublimation Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10

11. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development  Oral  Anal  Phallic  Latency  Genital Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11

12. Psychodynamic Theory (Jung)  Studied with Freud but did not believe sexuality was the basis of behavior development  Introvert  Extrovert Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12

13. Stages of the Life Cycle: A Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)  Personality development is dependent on the social environment and social interactions  Each stage involves a social crisis or task that must be positively resolved to pass successfully to the next stage Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13

14. Erikson’s Stages of the Life Cycle  Trust vs. mistrust  Autonomy vs. shame and doubt  Initiative vs. guilt  Industry vs. inferiority  Identity vs. role confusion  Intimacy vs. isolation  Generativity vs. self-absorption  Integrity vs. despair Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14

15. Stages of Parenting Behaviors  Stage 1: Parental image  Stage 2: Authority  Stage 3: Integrative  Stage 4: Independent teen  Stage 5: Departure Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15

16. Critical Thinking Question 1  How can failure to develop trust in infancy affect successful achievement of subsequent stages of development? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16

17. Psychosocial Theory (Levinson)  Elaborated on Erik Erikson's theories  Interactions among environment, culture, and the individual are the “fabric of life.” Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17

18. Cognitive Theory (Piaget)  Emphasized cognitive milestones in development Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18

19. Piaget’s Four Stages of Development  Sensorimotor  Preoperational  Concrete operations  Formal operations Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19

20. Cognitive Theory (Loevinger)  Stretched Piaget's model of development into the stages of adulthood  The ego adapts to demands and is an important basis for critical thinking Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20

21. Constructive Theory (Kegan)  Constructive developmental theory similar to Piaget's  Lifelong interaction with the environment Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21

22. Theory of Language and Culture (Vygotsky)  Social and cultural experiences are necessary for optimal growth and development  Language is a major force in the growth and development of the personality Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22

23. Vygotsky’s Language and Development Theory  Infant  Toddler  Preschool  3 years old  4 years old  School age Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23

24. Critical Thinking Question 2  Why is Vygotsky’s theory important in health education? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24

25. Social and Economic Influences (Bronfenbrenner)  Combination of social and economic factors that influence growth and development  How children may be treated differently in different environments and the effect that those differences may have Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25

26. Critical Thinking Question 3  What effect could the greater focus of school, community, and media on athletics for boys have on equally competent girls who participate in sports? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 26

27. Bronfenbrenner’s Social Theory of Growth and Development  Parents, siblings  Teachers, babysitters  School, neighborhood, community  Political community Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 27

28. Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)  If basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self- fulfillment. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 28

29. Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) (cont.)  The hierarchy of needs, from the most to least basic, includes: Physiological; Activity; Safety and Protection; Love and Belonging; Esteem; and Self-Actualization Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 29

30. Environmental Theory (Rogers)  People naturally form their own positive destiny, based on the concept of the self, if obstacles are removed Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 30

31. Behaviorist Theory (Watson)  The father of behaviorism  The environment and experiences mold the personality Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 31

32. Behaviorist Theory of Personality (Pavlov and Skinner)  Personality and behavior are learned  Classical conditioning  Operant conditioning Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 32

33. Social-Learning Theories of Personality (Bandura and Mischel)  Social learning formed the basis for personality development  Exposure to and imitation of a behavior Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 33

34. Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg)  Moral reasoning  Development of a set of social rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong  Moral behavior is based on perception and integration of these rules Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 34

35. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development  Preconventional  Conventional  Postconventional Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 35

36. Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead)  Looking-glass self  Self-image is formed through three steps Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 36

37. Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead) (cont.)  1) Imagining how we portray ourselves to others;  2) imagining how others evaluate us; and  3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 37

38. Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Peck)  Developmental tasks of the older adult:  Coping with retirement from work  Adapting to the normal physiological decline because of aging  Facing the inevitability of death Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 38

39. Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Havighurst)  Developmental tasks of late adulthood, which involve accepting oneself and maintaining meaning in life Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 39

40. Developmental Stages of Retirement (Atchley)  Five developmental stages in the older adult related to retirement:  Preretirement  Honeymoon  Disenchantment  Stability  Terminal Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 40

41. Critical Thinking Question 4  How will achievement of the developmental tasks of the older adult described by Peck and Havighurst contribute to successful mastery of Atchley’s stages of retirement? Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 41

42. Additional Influences on Growth and Development  Cultural beliefs and practices  Gender differences  Poverty  Developmental tasks Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 42