2. “The War to End all Wars” THE GREAT WAR 1914-1918

3. The Road to War – Underlying Causes of WWI 1815 1914 Industrialization 1850 Imperialism Congress of Vienna World War I Militarism Nationalism Unification of New Nations – Germany & Italy Alliances M.A.I.N. Wars of Unification Seven Weeks & Franco-Prussian 1860’s-71

4. Europe 1900

5. Europe 1914

6. As a Result of Rapid Industrialization u Most European countries began drafts by the end of the 19 th century. u Germany began building a navy to rival Britain. Britain increased its navy to stay ahead. (Anglo-German arms race). u By 1914 both countries had large fleets of new dreadnoughts (large powerful battleships) u Other nations joined in the arms race to keep up and to showcase their military advances. u Industrialization encouraged mass production of new weapons and war technologies. Militarism Underlying Causes of World War I

7. Alliances Dual Alliance (1879) Dual Alliance (1879) – Secret defensive alliance between Germany and Austria-Hungary which guaranteed mutual support if either was attacked by Russia. Triple Alliance (1882) Triple Alliance (1882) - Italy joined the secret Dual Alliance because of anger toward France. Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty (1887) Russian-German Reinsurance Treaty (1887) – Promised neutrality of Germany and Russia if either went to war with another country. After removal of Bismarck in 1890 Kaiser Wilhelm II refused to renew the agreement Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) - Russia and Germany break relations. France joined Russia in a secret alliance. Triple Entente (1907) Triple Entente (1907) - Britain joins France and Russia in an alliance to counter the Triple Alliance. Underlying Causes of World War I

8. Imperialism u European countries fought over territory in Africa and Asia u Germany entered the race for empire after its unification, particularly in Africa. u The Berlin Conference (1884) preserved an uneasy peace between European imperialist powers because of Bismarck’s diplomacy. Underlying Causes of World War I

9. Nationalism u Unification of new nations caused a shift in the balance of power u National rivalries led to policies of expansion. u Intense patriotism fanned the flames for war. u Balkan States wanted independence from Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. u Russia and Austria sought stronger influence in the Balkans. The Balkans became a powderkeg.

11. European Alliances Prior to WWI

12. International Anarchy u Newspapers caused resentment and encouraged violent acts of protest u No strong international organizations existed to settle disputes u Political Assassinations destroyed stability 1881 - Alexander II of Russia killed by bomb 1898 - Empress Elizabeth of stabbed to death 1901 - US President William McKinley assassinated by anarchist Underlying Causes of World War I

13. On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo.On June 28, 1914, the heir to the Austrian throne Francis Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated by a young Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo. The assassination sparked a chain reaction which would plunge Europe and other nations into the world’s first global war.The assassination sparked a chain reaction which would plunge Europe and other nations into the world’s first global war. Immediate Cause of World War I Assassination of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie

14. Sarajevo Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

15. July 26, 1914 - Austria gets a guarantee of support from Germany and issues an ultimatum to Serbia. Its demands that Serbia: Stop all anti-Austrian propagandaStop all anti-Austrian propaganda Dismiss all anti-Austrian government officialsDismiss all anti-Austrian government officials Allow Austria into Serbia to investigate the assassinationAllow Austria into Serbia to investigate the assassination July 27, 1914 - Serbia receives a promise of support from Russia and rejects the ultimatum July 28, 1914 - Austria declares war on Serbia The Road to War

16. July 28 - Austria Declares War on Serbia The Road to War

17. August 1, 1914 - Russia begins to mobilize along German border. Germany declares war on Russia August 3, 1914 - Germany declares war on France. They begin marching through neutral Belgium toward France. France declares war on Germany. August 4, 1914 - Great Britain, which had pledged to protect Belgium’s neutrality, declares war on Germany. The Road to War

18. Aug 3 - Germany declares War on France and marches through neutral Belgium toward France Aug 4 Aug 4 - Great Britain declares war on Germany Aug 3 Aug 3 France declares war on Germany Aug 1 - Russia Mobilizes Along German Border Aug 1 -Germany Declares War on Russia The Road to War

19. August 14, 1914 August 14, 1914 - China declares war on Germany. August 24, 1914 August 24, 1914 - Japan declares war on Germany November 14, 1914 Central Powers. November 14, 1914 - Russia declares war on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans join Germany and Austria. Bulgaria later joins. They become known as the Central Powers. April 26, 1915 Allied Powers. April 26, 1915 - Italy joins Great Britain, France, Russia, Belgium, and over 30 other countries. They become known as the Allied Powers.

20. Central Powers Germany Germany Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary Bulgaria Bulgaria Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Turkey (Ottoman Empire) Allied Powers Great BritainGreat Britain FranceFrance ItalyItaly RussiaRussia JapanJapan United States (1917) & over 30 other countriesUnited States (1917) & over 30 other countries

21. European Alliances in WW I

22. Europe Prepares for War

29. THE GREAT WAR Early German Strategy THE GREAT WAR Early German Strategy §Lure France into attacking Alsace and Lorraine on the French/German border with minimal German troops defending. §Send overwhelming force through Belgium and capture Paris §Sweep back to the east entrapping French forces in a vice between two German armies §Defeat France then move troops to the Eastern Front to fight Russia. The Schlieffen Plan

30. Paris The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s Plan for a Two Front War

31. Paris The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s Plan for a Two Front War

32. Paris The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s Plan for a Two Front War

33. Paris The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s Plan for a Two Front War

34. Paris The Schlieffen Plan Germany’s Plan for a Two Front War

35. Paris Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed

36. Paris Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed

37. Paris Battle of the Marne Why the Schlieffen Plan Failed

38. Trenches The war becomes stalemated after the Battle of the Marne and both sides begin to dig in. Trenches stretched for 300 miles from Switzerland to the English Channel. Trench warfare results because of technological advances in weapons.

39. TECHNOLOGY & WAR §Technology turned WWI into an Industrial War. Military tactics were unable to stay up with the changes in technology. Communications, transportation, munitions … §New weapons changed the tactics of warfare and led to a stalemated “war of attrition”

40. TECHNOLOGY & WAR Poison Gas - First used by Germany in 1915 despite treaties outlawing it. Suffocated and blinded victims.

41. TECHNOLOGY & WAR Tanks - Developed by British in 1916. Eventually helped break the stalemate.

42. TECHNOLOGY & WAR Airplanes - First used for reconnaissance and later for primitive bombing.

43. TECHNOLOGY & WAR Submarines (U-Boats) - Unrestricted Submarine Warfare led to American entry in 1917.

44. Total War §World War I was the first “total war” in which all of the resources of a nation were put into the war effort. l Some civilians were targeted or became victims of the war effort l Women – were forced to work in munitions plants and factories and to tend to agricultural duties l Governments began rationing of food and other supplies to provide enough for the soldiers on the front l Governments began censoring and controlling news accounts to build support for the war on the home front and to prevent or limit espionage. l Troops on the front lived and fought in horrific conditions. Many suffered from severe “shell shock”. Today referred to as PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD)

47. Trench Warfare in WWI

48. Trench Rats Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them. Robert GravesRobert Graves remarked in his book, Goodbye to All That: "Rats came up from the canal, fed on the plentiful corpses, and multiplied exceedingly. While I stayed here with the Welch. a new officer joined the company and, in token of welcome, was given a dug-out containing a spring-bed. When he turned in that night he heard a scuffling, shone his torch on the bed, and found two rats on his blanket tussling for the possession of a severed hand."Goodbye to All That George CoppardGeorge Coppard gave another reason why the rats were so large: "There was no proper system of waste disposal in trench life. Empty tins of all kinds were flung away over the top on both sides of the trench. Millions of tins were thus available for all the rats in France and Belgium in hundreds of miles of trenches. During brief moments of quiet at night, one could hear a continuous rattle of tins moving against each other. The rats were turning them over." Some of these rats grew extremely large. Harry Patch claimed that "there were rats as big as cats". Another soldier wrote: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse. One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat."Harry Patch Trench Rats Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them. "Rats came up from the canal, fed on the plentiful corpses, and multiplied exceedingly. While I stayed here with the Welch. a new officer joined the company and, in token of welcome, was given a dug-out containing a spring-bed. When he turned in that night he heard a scuffling, shone his torch on the bed, and found two rats on his blanket tussling for the possession of a severed hand."

49. TECHNOLOGY & WAR Machine guns - led to trench warfare and a stalemated war.

50. Trench Warfare in WWI Trench Rats …there were rats as big as cats".....They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse. One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat."

51. Trench Warfare in WWI

52. Trench Rats Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them. Robert GravesRobert Graves remarked in his book, Goodbye to All That: "Rats came up from the canal, fed on the plentiful corpses, and multiplied exceedingly. While I stayed here with the Welch. a new officer joined the company and, in token of welcome, was given a dug-out containing a spring-bed. When he turned in that night he heard a scuffling, shone his torch on the bed, and found two rats on his blanket tussling for the possession of a severed hand."Goodbye to All That George CoppardGeorge Coppard gave another reason why the rats were so large: "There was no proper system of waste disposal in trench life. Empty tins of all kinds were flung away over the top on both sides of the trench. Millions of tins were thus available for all the rats in France and Belgium in hundreds of miles of trenches. During brief moments of quiet at night, one could hear a continuous rattle of tins moving against each other. The rats were turning them over." Some of these rats grew extremely large. Harry Patch claimed that "there were rats as big as cats". Another soldier wrote: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse. One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat."Harry Patch Trench Foot and Amputations

53. Trench Warfare in WWI Children on the Front Officer (to a boy of 13 who has given his age as 16) Officer (to a boy of 13 who has given his age as 16): "Do you know where boys go who tell lies?" Applicant: Applicant: "To the Front, Sir."

56. Trench Warfare in WWI

57. Poison Gas Deaths: 1914-1918 Country Non- Fatal DeathsTotal British Empire 180,5978,109188,706 France182,0008,000190,000 United States 71,3451,46272,807 Italy55,3734,62760,000 Russia419,34056,000475,340 Germany191,0009,000200,000 Austria- Hungary 97,0003,000100,000 Others9,0001,00010.000 Total 1,205,65 5 91,1981,296,853  An estimated 91,198 soldiers died as a result of poison gas attacks  1.2 million were hospitalized.  The Russian Army, with 56,000 deaths, suffered more than any other armed force. Poison Gas

58. Death in the Trenches

59. No Man’s Land Over the Top

60. Battle of Jutland May 1916 Galipoli Campaign February 1915 Battle of Verdun February 1916 Battle of Tannenberg August 1914 Battle of the Somme July 1916 Major Battles of World War I

61. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY, Washington, D.C. 22nd April 1915 NOTICE! TRAVELLERS intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travelers sailing in the war zone on the ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. German Notice Placed in American Newspapers in April 1915

63. Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915

64. 1959 People on Board.1959 People on Board. Sank 8 Miles of the Irish Coast.Sank 8 Miles of the Irish Coast. 1198 Men, Women, and Children died including over 120 Americans.1198 Men, Women, and Children died including over 120 Americans. Turned Public Opinion against Germany.Turned Public Opinion against Germany. Instrumental in bringing America into the war in 1917.Instrumental in bringing America into the war in 1917.

65. Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915

66. American Entry Into the War The Zimmerman Telegram

67. American Entry Into the War

70. The United States Declares War against Germany on April 1, 1917 President Woodrow Wilson asks Congress for a Declaration of War April 1, 1917

71. Paris American Counter Offensive August - November 1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest

72. Paris American Counter Offensive August - November 1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest

73. Paris American Counter Offensive August - November 1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest

74. Paris American Counter Offensive August - November 1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest

75. Paris American Counter Offensive August - November 1918 Battle of San Mihiel/Argonne Forest

76. Paris Armistice! November 11, 1918

77. November 11, 1918 - 11:00 AM “The Eleventh Hour of the Eleventh Day of the Eleventh Month” Armistice!

78. Armistice  In November 1918, the German government of Kaiser William II fell.  On November 9, the Kaiser was forced to abdicate and flee to Holland.  A republic, called the Weimar Republic, was formed and two days later the war ended.  On November 11, 1918, at 11:00 A.M., in a small railroad car outside of Paris, the new chancellor of the German Republic signed an armistice, which agreed to stop fighting until a treaty could be drawn up.

79. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points January 1918 Major Points l Right to self determination for the subject peoples of the German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires. l Right to free trade by all nations l Free Access to the seas l Reduction in armaments l An international peace keeping body “League of Nations”

80. The Treaty of Versailles The Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles

81. The Treaty of Versailles The Big Four George Clemenceau – France David Lloyd George – Great Britain Vittorio Emanule Orlando – Italy Woodrow Wilson – United States Russia was not included. Russia was not included.  Italy later withdrew out of anger against France.

82. The Treaty of Versailles U.S. President Woodrow Wilson wanted all countries to share equally in peace “Peace without Victory”U.S. President Woodrow Wilson wanted all countries to share equally in peace “Peace without Victory” The other countries, particularly France, wanted revenge on Germany and reparations for war damagesThe other countries, particularly France, wanted revenge on Germany and reparations for war damages Germany was required to accept all blame for the war. (Article 231 - “The War Guilt Clause)Germany was required to accept all blame for the war. (Article 231 - “The War Guilt Clause) A demilitarized zone (the Rhineland) set up between Germany and France.A demilitarized zone (the Rhineland) set up between Germany and France. Germany had to return Alsace and LorraineGermany had to return Alsace and Lorraine The coal rich Ruhr Valley was put under control of FranceThe coal rich Ruhr Valley was put under control of France Required Germany to pay $33 Billion in reparationsRequired Germany to pay $33 Billion in reparations Germany was forced to disarm its military.Germany was forced to disarm its military. Redrew the map of Europe from land of Central Powers.Redrew the map of Europe from land of Central Powers. The seeds of future war were sewn with the harsh terms of the treaty and the humiliation of Germany.The seeds of future war were sewn with the harsh terms of the treaty and the humiliation of Germany.

83. Economic, Social, and Political Costs Disarmament 1.German army was limited to 100,000 volunteers. Draft was forbidden. 2.The Rhineland in western Germany was demilitarized. 3.Submarines, military aircraft and war industries were prohibited. 4.Austrian and Hungarian armies were limited. War Guilt and Reparations 1.Germany accepted sole responsibility for causing the war. 2.Germany agreed to pay all reparations for war damage. The amount was never decided upon but payments began immediately. The payments put a greatly strained the German economy and helped lead to World War II. 3.Austria and Hungary had to pay only minor reparations.

84. 1. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France. 2. Saar Valley coal mines were put under French control for 15 years 3. Germany was stripped of all its colonies. 4. Poland was created. Part of East Prussia was given to Poland. 5. Yugoslavia was created from Serbian and Austrian territory. 6. Czechoslovakia was created out of Austro-Hungarian territories. 7. Turkey lost all territory except Asia Minor and Istanbul. 8. Austria and Hungary became independent nations. Territorial Adjustments

86. Results and Costs of World War I

87. Economic Costs The cost of the war was nearly $330 billion (From 1914-1917 the warring countries spent more than $85,000 a minute. In 1918, this figure reached $170,000 a minute). The United States loaned more than $10 billion to the allies.The cost of the war was nearly $330 billion (From 1914-1917 the warring countries spent more than $85,000 a minute. In 1918, this figure reached $170,000 a minute). The United States loaned more than $10 billion to the allies. Social Costs Because of the ruthless nature of the war, millions of people were disillusioned. An entire generation of young men were lost. Many of those who survived were bitter and cynical. This was reflected in the art and literature of the period. This generation became known as the Lost Generation.Because of the ruthless nature of the war, millions of people were disillusioned. An entire generation of young men were lost. Many of those who survived were bitter and cynical. This was reflected in the art and literature of the period. This generation became known as the Lost Generation.

88. CountryDeadWounded 2,500,0004,950,000 Russia 2,500,0004,950,000 France1,400,0004,300,000 Great Britain 900,0002,100,000 Germany1,800,000 4,200,000 Austria1,200,000 3,600,000 100,000200,000 United States 100,000 200,000 Total9,000,00021,000,000 Human Costs The costs of World War I were staggering. Nearly 9 million soldiers lost their lives in battle. Over 20 million more were wounded. More than 5 million civilians also died, with starvation, disease, and exposure accounting for 80% of those deaths. After the war, Spanish Influenza, which many blamed on the war, killed tens of millions more. The military casualties were as follows: Costs of the War Casualties

89. Results of World War Results of World War I 1. The war and resulting settlements left great bitterness. Germany and Italy in particular resented peace terms. 2. The war brought on a revolution in Russia. 3. The United States emerged as a leading world power. 4. New nations were established and three major European dynasties fell. 5. A League of Nations was formed to handle international disputes. The United States, however, never joined, and the League was weak. 6. Following the war, there was a rise in fascism in Europe. 7. The poor settlement of the war ultimately led to World War II in 1939.