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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 1
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 2 Contents What is Culture? Overview of Chinese History Myths and Legends
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 3 What is Culture? Culture from Latin: cultura, lit. "cultivation“ is a concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi" (cultivation of the soul). the betterment or refinement of individuals, especially through education. national aspirations or ideals.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 4 What is Culture? Edward Tylor (1871) used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity. Hoebel(20 th century) describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not a result of biological inheritance
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 5 What is Culture? Material Culture vs Spiritual Culture Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society, its so- called material culture, and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 6 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 6 Overview of Chinese History Legendary Period Ancient Period Modern Period
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 7 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 7 Legendary Period Mythology Three Wise Kings Five August Emperors
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 8 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 8 Mythology Chinese civilization began with Pangu The creator of the universe
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 9 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 9 Three Wise Kings and Five August Emperors Mythological rulers of China during the period from 2500 B.C. to 2205 Three Wise Kings Said to be god-kings or demigods Fuxis Shennong(Yandi) Huangdi
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 10 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 10 Three Wise Kings(1) Fuxi the first real ruler. taught people how to devise tools, kindle fire and cook food, how to domesticate animals and tend flocks. instituted marriage and devised the mysterious Eight Trigrams( 八卦 )which were used for divination. His wife is Nvwa
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 11 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 11 Three Wise Kings(2) Shennong(Yandi) He was the god who invented farming He was the first to use herbs for medical use. He won the name of “The Prince of Cereals by farmers.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 12 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 12 Three Wise Kings(3) Huangdi the ancestor of the Chinese nation. the most famous tribe chieftain in ancient China Invented the wheel and carts Discovered the art of making pottery Improved communication by building roads, bridges, Introduced precious stones, gold and copper as money.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 13 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 13 The Great Statue of Yandi and Huangdi
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 14 Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 14 Five August Emperors Shaohao The renowned leader among the Yi people in China. Zhuanxu A very wise and intelligent person. Respected the gods and taught his people Gaoxin A descendant of Huangdi, who enjoyed a high reputation among his tribal people Yao Made great contribution to the lunar calendar. Shun Physically and mentally gifted A man with great virtues Selected by Yao as his successor. His son was Yu
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 15 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 15 Ancient Period Xia Dynasty Shang Dynasty Zhou Dynasty Qin Dynasty Han Dynasty Southern and Northern Dynasities Sui Danasty Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period Song Dynasty Liang Dynasty Jin Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty Qing Dynasty
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 16 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 16 Xia Dynasty(2070B.C.~1600B.C.) The institution of slavery began Resumed hereditary monarchy from the legendary Huangdi times Began the period of a family or a clan controlling everything in the nation. Chinese civilization developed a ruling structure that employed both a benign civilian government and harsh punishment for legal transgressions Farming and husbandry (Stockbreeding)
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 17 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 17 Shang Dynasty(1600B.C.~1046 B.C.) Hereditary Shang kings ruled Regular religious rites were popular among the Shang nobles. They worshipped the supreme gods as well as their ancestors Agriculture, hunting and animal husbandry Technology of smelting bronze Ceramic industry Silk reeling and weaving Earliest recorded written history Inscription on the oracle bones.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 18 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 18 Zhou Dynasty (1046 B.C. ~ 256 B.C) Marked the beginning of the feudal phase of Chinese history Extended Shang culture from the Center Plains to the north of the Yangtze River. Centralized city-states and established impersonal political and economic institutions. Later Zhou Court was divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou The Eastern Zhou further divided into two subperiods The Spring and Autumn Period (770B.C.~476B.C.) Power decentralized 170 smaller states The Warring States Period(475B.C.~221B.C) “Seven Great Powers” –The Qi, the Chu, The Yan, the Han, the Zhao, the Wei and the Qin Different philosophies –Confucianism, –Taoism –Legalism –Mohism
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 19 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 19 Qin Dynasty (221B.C.~206B.C.) The unification of China in 221 B.C. The First Emperor The first centralized, unified and multi-national feudal autocratic dynasty Standardization of written language Relied on the philosophy of legalism Banished the Confucianism and burned their books. Built up the Great Wall After the Death of Qin Shihuang, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the six Warring States sprang up and overthrew the Qin Dynasty.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 20 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 20 Han Dynasty (206 B.C.~A.D.220) Han Dynasty Western Han Dynasty Eastern Han Dynasty Vassal principalities (decentralization) Civil service examination system based on Confucianism Technology Papermaking, celestial globe Silk Road Through central Asia, and to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea Religion Buddhism Christianity(?) Important period in Chinese history “People of Han” named after it.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 21 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 21 Jin Dynasty, Southern and Nordern Dynasty and Sui Dynasty Jin Dynasty(265~420) Western Jin Dynasty Eastern Jin Dynasty Sui Dynasty(581~618) Reunification of the south and the north of China by Yang Jian The Great Canal, which linked the Yellow and Yangtze River areas Southern and Northern Dynasties (420~589 Sourthern Dynasties Song Dynasty, Liang, and Chen Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 22 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 22 Tang Dynasty(618~907) Territory The largest and the most developed empire in the world Perfection of the civil service examination system Only the best men, regardless of their class or background, could be appointed to vital posts Administration The empire was divided into 300 prefectures and 1500 counties Open foreign policies Frequent economic and culture exchanges with foreign countries,, including Japan, Korea India, Persia and Arabia. Technology Block Printing Belief Buddhism on Chinese economy, politics and culture
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 23 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 23 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom Period(907~960) Five Dynasties A direct result of the political disintegration Five dynasties succeeded each other in rapid succession in the north Ten Kingdom Period In the south, ten independent states were established. Each held a specific geographical area.
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 24 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 24 Song Dynast, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty Song Dynast (960~1279) Two phases Northern Song Southern Song Achievement Movable type printing by Bi Sheng Gunpower Paper money Philosophy Li Xue, or Neo- Confucianism Liao Dynasty (907~1125) The northeast of China was occupied by the Liao Dynast established by the Khitan nationality; Jin Dynasty (1115~1234)
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 25 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 25 Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty Yuan Dynasty (1206~1368) Kublai Khan, a Mongol general Spread to Asia, Europe, and africa Printing, medicine and the compass introduced to Europe Ming Dynasty (1368~1644) Zhu Yuanzhang, restoring the rule of the Han people Eight-legged Essay for the civil service examination Qing Dynasty (1616~1911) Manchu controlled China Continued the Confucian civil service system The Neo- Confucian philosophy
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©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 26 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 26 Homework Do the research about your contry history, and compare it with Chinese history at the same time
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