1. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 1

2. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 2 Contents  What is Culture?  Overview of Chinese History  Myths and Legends

3. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 3 What is Culture?  Culture from Latin: cultura, lit. "cultivation“ is a concept based on a term first used in classical antiquity by the Roman orator Cicero: "cultura animi" (cultivation of the soul).  the betterment or refinement of individuals, especially through education.  national aspirations or ideals.

4. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 4 What is Culture?  Edward Tylor (1871) used the term "culture" to refer to a universal human capacity.  Hoebel(20 th century) describes culture as an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not a result of biological inheritance

5. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 5 What is Culture?  Material Culture vs Spiritual Culture  Distinctions are currently made between the physical artifacts created by a society, its so- called material culture, and everything else, the intangibles such as language, customs, etc. that are the main referent of the term "culture".

6. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 6 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 6 Overview of Chinese History  Legendary Period  Ancient Period  Modern Period

7. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 7 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 7 Legendary Period  Mythology  Three Wise Kings  Five August Emperors

8. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 8 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 8 Mythology  Chinese civilization began with Pangu  The creator of the universe

9. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 9 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 9 Three Wise Kings and Five August Emperors  Mythological rulers of China during the period from 2500 B.C. to 2205  Three Wise Kings  Said to be god-kings or demigods  Fuxis  Shennong(Yandi)  Huangdi

10. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 10 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 10 Three Wise Kings(1)  Fuxi  the first real ruler.  taught people how to devise tools, kindle fire and cook food, how to domesticate animals and tend flocks.  instituted marriage and devised the mysterious Eight Trigrams( 八卦 )which were used for divination.  His wife is Nvwa

11. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 11 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 11 Three Wise Kings(2)  Shennong(Yandi)  He was the god who invented farming  He was the first to use herbs for medical use.  He won the name of “The Prince of Cereals by farmers.

12. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 12 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 12 Three Wise Kings(3)  Huangdi  the ancestor of the Chinese nation.  the most famous tribe chieftain in ancient China  Invented the wheel and carts  Discovered the art of making pottery  Improved communication by building roads, bridges,  Introduced precious stones, gold and copper as money.

13. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 13 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 13 The Great Statue of Yandi and Huangdi

14. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 14 Mark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 14 Five August Emperors  Shaohao  The renowned leader among the Yi people in China.  Zhuanxu  A very wise and intelligent person.  Respected the gods and taught his people  Gaoxin  A descendant of Huangdi, who enjoyed a high reputation among his tribal people  Yao  Made great contribution to the lunar calendar.  Shun  Physically and mentally gifted  A man with great virtues  Selected by Yao as his successor.  His son was Yu

15. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 15 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 15 Ancient Period  Xia Dynasty  Shang Dynasty  Zhou Dynasty  Qin Dynasty  Han Dynasty  Southern and Northern Dynasities  Sui Danasty  Tang Dynasty  Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period  Song Dynasty  Liang Dynasty  Jin Dynasty  Yuan Dynasty  Ming Dynasty  Qing Dynasty

16. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 16 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 16 Xia Dynasty(2070B.C.~1600B.C.)  The institution of slavery began  Resumed hereditary monarchy from the legendary Huangdi times  Began the period of a family or a clan controlling everything in the nation.  Chinese civilization developed a ruling structure that employed both a benign civilian government and harsh punishment for legal transgressions  Farming and husbandry (Stockbreeding)

17. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 17 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 17 Shang Dynasty(1600B.C.~1046 B.C.)  Hereditary Shang kings ruled  Regular religious rites were popular among the Shang nobles. They worshipped the supreme gods as well as their ancestors  Agriculture, hunting and animal husbandry  Technology of smelting bronze  Ceramic industry  Silk reeling and weaving  Earliest recorded written history  Inscription on the oracle bones.

18. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 18 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 18 Zhou Dynasty (1046 B.C. ~ 256 B.C)  Marked the beginning of the feudal phase of Chinese history  Extended Shang culture from the Center Plains to the north of the Yangtze River.  Centralized city-states and established impersonal political and economic institutions.  Later Zhou Court was divided into the Western Zhou and the Eastern Zhou  The Eastern Zhou further divided into two subperiods  The Spring and Autumn Period (770B.C.~476B.C.) Power decentralized 170 smaller states  The Warring States Period(475B.C.~221B.C) “Seven Great Powers” –The Qi, the Chu, The Yan, the Han, the Zhao, the Wei and the Qin Different philosophies –Confucianism, –Taoism –Legalism –Mohism

19. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 19 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 19 Qin Dynasty (221B.C.~206B.C.)  The unification of China in 221 B.C.  The First Emperor  The first centralized, unified and multi-national feudal autocratic dynasty  Standardization of written language  Relied on the philosophy of legalism  Banished the Confucianism and burned their books.  Built up the Great Wall  After the Death of Qin Shihuang, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the six Warring States sprang up and overthrew the Qin Dynasty.

20. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 20 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 20 Han Dynasty (206 B.C.~A.D.220)  Han Dynasty  Western Han Dynasty  Eastern Han Dynasty  Vassal principalities (decentralization)  Civil service examination system based on Confucianism  Technology  Papermaking, celestial globe  Silk Road  Through central Asia, and to the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea  Religion  Buddhism  Christianity(?)  Important period in Chinese history  “People of Han” named after it.

21. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 21 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 21 Jin Dynasty, Southern and Nordern Dynasty and Sui Dynasty  Jin Dynasty(265~420)  Western Jin Dynasty  Eastern Jin Dynasty  Sui Dynasty(581~618)  Reunification of the south and the north of China by Yang Jian  The Great Canal, which linked the Yellow and Yangtze River areas  Southern and Northern Dynasties (420~589  Sourthern Dynasties Song Dynasty, Liang, and Chen  Northern Dynasties Northern Wei Dynasty

22. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 22 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 22 Tang Dynasty(618~907)  Territory  The largest and the most developed empire in the world  Perfection of the civil service examination system  Only the best men, regardless of their class or background, could be appointed to vital posts  Administration  The empire was divided into 300 prefectures and 1500 counties  Open foreign policies  Frequent economic and culture exchanges with foreign countries,, including Japan, Korea India, Persia and Arabia.  Technology  Block Printing  Belief  Buddhism on Chinese economy, politics and culture

23. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 23 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 23 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdom Period(907~960)  Five Dynasties  A direct result of the political disintegration  Five dynasties succeeded each other in rapid succession in the north  Ten Kingdom Period  In the south, ten independent states were established.  Each held a specific geographical area.

24. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 24 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 24 Song Dynast, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty  Song Dynast (960~1279)  Two phases Northern Song Southern Song  Achievement Movable type printing by Bi Sheng Gunpower Paper money  Philosophy Li Xue, or Neo- Confucianism  Liao Dynasty (907~1125)  The northeast of China was occupied by the Liao Dynast established by the Khitan nationality;  Jin Dynasty (1115~1234)

25. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 25 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 25 Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasty  Yuan Dynasty (1206~1368)  Kublai Khan, a Mongol general  Spread to Asia, Europe, and africa  Printing, medicine and the compass introduced to Europe  Ming Dynasty (1368~1644)  Zhu Yuanzhang, restoring the rule of the Han people  Eight-legged Essay for the civil service examination  Qing Dynasty (1616~1911)  Manchu controlled China  Continued the Confucian civil service system  The Neo- Confucian philosophy

26. ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 26 ©CopyrightMark Du, School of Inter’l Trade of JUFE 26 Homework  Do the research about your contry history, and compare it with Chinese history at the same time