1. The Age of Genocide and Apartheid Unit 7 Section 12 TYWL: Compare the conditions, racial composition, & status of social classes, castes, and slaves in ancient societies and analyze changes in those elements. Explain how liberal democracy, private enterprise and human rights movements have reshaped political, economic and social life in Africa, Asia, Latin America, Europe, the Soviet Union, & the US. I can: define human rights and give examples of human rights violations. Analyze the causes and consequences of the various genocides.

2. Question of the Day Terrorism [takes] us back to ages we thought were long gone if we allow it a free hand to corrupt democratic societies and destroy the basic rules of international life. Jacques Chirac But for all these problems [a terrorist′s] only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him—until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands. Benjamin Netanyahu According to the quotes, how have terrorist groups and their movements impacted society in various countries? a. Terrorists create panic by breaking basic rules of society and attempting to destroy the social systems of target countries. b. Terrorists create tensions by bringing adversaries together to resolve differences in democratic processes. c. Terrorist groups have influenced many governments to join their efforts and create their own terrorist networks. d. Terrorist groups have caused governments to eliminate corruption and to apply laws equally within societies.

3. Genocide: geno – meaning race. cide – meaning killing The word genocide was coined during the Holocaust.

4. The Armenian Genocide, 1915 U.S. Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, Henry Morgenthau Sr., concluded a “race murder” was occurring. He cabled Washington and described the Turkish campaign: “Reports from widely scattered districts indicate systematic attempt to uproot peaceful Armenian pop.&...frequent instances of rape, pillage, and murder turning into massacre, to bring destruction & destitution on them.”... military necessity, often in districts where no military operations are likely to take place…there seems to be a systematic plan to crush the Armenian race.” The documentary, The Armenian Genocide aired on PBS in April, 2006. To this day, the Turks deny that the Genocide occurred. (controversial issue) 23 countries acknowledge the event was genocide

5. The Ukrainian Famine 1932-1933 Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, set in motion events designed to cause a famine in the Ukraine to destroy the people there. An estimated 7,000,000 persons perished in this farming area, breadbasket of Europe, w/the people deprived of the food they had grown w/their own hands.

6. Cambodia 1975-1979 The Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed & buried by the Communist regime Khmer Rouge, which ruled the country from 1975-1979. One Khmer slogan ran: 'To spare you is no profit, to destroy you is no loss.' The massacres ended in 1979, when Communist Vietnam invaded the country and toppled the Khmer Rouge regime.

7. Iraq, 1988 The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds was a systematic &deliberate murder of at least 50,000 &possibly as many as 100,000 Kurds. It was the culmination of a long term strategy to solve what the gov’t saw as its “Kurdish problem”. Halabja (March ’88) was one chapter of this campaign in which chemical weapons were used against this Kurdish Village.

8. Bosnia, 1991-1995 Bosnia was part of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire until 1878 & then of the Austro- Hungarian Empire until the WWI. After the war it was united w/other Slav territories to form Yugoslavia, essentially ruled & run by Serbs from the Serbian capital, Belgrade. Yugoslavia disintegrated in June 1991 In 1992 in the Republic of Bosnia Herzegovina, conflict b/w the 3 main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, & Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia.

9. Rwanda 1994 800,000 Tutsis were murdered by Hutus in a 3 month period. The international community watched the event unfold & did nothing.

10. Darfur 2003-present About the size of Texas, the Darfur region of Sudan is home to racially mixed tribes of settled peasants, who identify as African, & nomadic herders, who identify as Arab. The majority of people in both groups are Muslim. In the ongoing genocide, African farmers & others in Darfur are being systematically displaced & murdered at the hands of the Janjaweed, a gov’t-supported militia recruited from local Arab tribes. The genocide in Darfur has claimed 400,000 lives & displaced over 2,500,000 people. More than 100 people continue to die each day; 5,000 die every month. Relatives mourn over the body of a one-year-old child who died of malnutrition in June 2004 in a refugee camp near a town in the Darfur region of Sudan.

11. Understanding the History of South Africa & Apartheid

12. South African Cities Capitals Pretoria Cape Town – legislative center Bloemfontein – judicial center

13. “Jo’Burg” Today Johannesburg Suburb of Jo’Burg

14. Apartheid Apartheid = “Separateness” The separation of races

15. Hendrik Verwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 “Architect of Apartheid” Policies of Apartheid: “policy of good neighbourliness”

16. Rural vs. Urban Group Acts of 1950 & 1986 1.5 Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations 1961 – Pressure from UN caused South Africa to withdraw from the Commonwealth of Nations “Reservations” or “Bantustans” Verwoerd established 9 African groups Each was to become a nation within its own homeland Africans had rights and freedoms Outside the homelands, treated as aliens

17. Umbulwana, Natal in 1982. Called "a black spot" because it is in a "white" area. Eventually demolished and the inhabitants forced to move to identically numbered houses in "resettlement" villages in their designated "homelands.“ Millions of black South Africans were forcibly "resettled" in this way. Houses in Soweto, a black township.

18. Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites No right to vote No ownership of land No right to move freely No right to free speech No right to protest the government

19. Images of Apartheid

20. Apartheid separated the whites from the non-whites

21. The Pass Book Needed special permits to live outside of reservations, but not with family Lived in Townships (the city’s perimeter) Curfew regulations Passbook raids Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest

23. Resistance and Protests Apartheid is Challenged

24. Nelson Mandela  Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.” 1960 Sharpeville Massacre In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed

25. Steve Biko A young Black leader Grave in King Williams Town, South Africa. Died in police detention in 1977. During the inquest into his death, strong evidence was presented that he suffered violent and inhumane treatment during his detention.

26. 1985 Demonstration In 1985 an International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination was organized. The demonstration was held at Langa Township in Uitenhage. The day commemorates the anniversary of the March 21, 1960 massacre. The message was simple: “Freedom in Our Lifetime!”

27. 1994 Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa International sanctions Decreased labor force Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. First multiracial election Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999) 1994 – The end of Apartheid Today’s president: Jacob Zuma Presidents serve 5 year term

28. Works Cited The World Factbook 2003: South Africa. www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/sf.html. CIA. 10 April 2004. Encyclopedia.com. www.encyclopedia.com. HighBeam Research. 10 April 2004. - South Africa History - Apartheid History - Nelson Mandela HUMAN RIGHTS Historical images of Apartheid in South Africa http://www.un.org/av/photo/subjects/apartheid.htm. United Nations Photo. 17 November 2004.