1. A clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate A main, or independent, clause has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence

2.  Every sentence must have at least one main clause, but a sentence may have more than one  The cast bowed, and the audience applauded.  The curtains closed firmly, but the enthusiastic applause continued.  The actors and actresses smiled and bowed, and the audience cheered and clapped.

3.  A subordinate, or dependent, clause has a subject and a predicate but it cannot stand alone as a sentence  The cast bowed when the audience applauded.  Main clauseSubordinate clause  The students who directed the play also took a bow.  (Subordinate clause interrupts the main clause)

4.  A simple sentence has only one main clause and no subordinate clauses  Bobcats stalk.  Bobcats and lynxes stalk.  Bobcats stalk and pounce.  Bobcats and lynxes stalk and pounce.  Bobcats silently stalk their prey during the night.

5.  Have two or more main clauses  Bobcats stalk and lynxes pursue.  Bobcats stalk, and lynxes pursue, but house cats slink.  The frightened rabbit ran swiftly; the lynx followed at a close pace.

6.  Have one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses  Some areas become deforested because people need wood for fuel.  Because people need fuel, they cut down trees.  Because people need fuel, they cut down trees that have grown for many years.

7.  Have more than one main clause and at least one subordinate clause  Campers need fuel for cooking, but they should use stoves that require no wood.

8.  Adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun  Adverb clause modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. It tells when, where, how, why, to what extent, or under what circumstances.  Noun clause is used as a noun (as a subject, direct object, object of a preposition or a predicate nominative).

9.  Normally follows the word it modifies  The hikers who reached the peak were overjoyed.  The trail, which was rarely used, had been a difficult one.  I forgot about the blisters that covered my feet.

10.  Whenever it rains, the river rises. (the adverb clause modified the verb rises and tells when).  This canoe can take us wherever we want to go. (the adverb clause modifies the phrase can take and tells where).  The canoe will be safe as long as everyone remains seated. (the adverb clause modifies the adjective safe and tells under what condition).

11.  Whoever camps enjoys the outdoors.  Footgear affects whoever walks often.  Words that can be used to introduce noun clauses: how, when, who/whom, that, where, whoever, what, which, whose, whatever, whichever, and why (see page 512).

12. Declarative Imperative Interrogative Exclamatory

13.  An incomplete sentence punctuated as though it were a complete sentence.  Lacks a subject, or a verb or both  Seem to be in love.  Their new life together.  Many of their gifts arriving in the mail.  Which they both love.

14.  Two or more complete sentences written as though they were one sentence. There are 3 types:  1. Comma splice – two main clauses separated by a comma, rather than a period or semi-colon  2. Two main clauses with no punctuation between them  3. Comma omitted before coordinating conjunction joining two main clauses

15. Comma splice: I punched Joe, he died. Two main clauses with no punctuation: They hope to see many famous sights the Lincoln Memorial will surely be among them. Comma omitted before a coordinating conjunction: Fredericka and Luis will need to take notes for a written report on their Washington trip but they plan to have fun anyway.