1. The Industrial Revolution Late 1700s through …early 1900s? Battersea Power Station, built in the 1930s and used as a Pink Floyd album cover, is a decommissioned coal-fired power station located on the south bank of the River Thames, in Battersea, South London. 1

2. The Domestic System (a.k.a. the Cottage Industry) Consider all of the clothing stores you have to shop in today. Name a few: How are so many clothes made so cheaply? It didn’t used to be that way. 2

3. In little country villages known in England as “cottages”, people used to make cotton thread from raw cotton. Then, the cotton thread was woven into cloth. This became known as the “cottage industry”, or “domestic system”. Which of the following would be considered cottage industry/domestic system and which would not? 3

4. 4 In the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain for the following reasons: 1.Plenty of natural resources like, iron, lead, coal, and copper 2.Increased food supply led to an increase in population (labor/workers) 3.Great Britain had large amounts of capital to invest with little government regulation. 4.Great Britain had huge markets to sell to thanks to all of their colonies and their location in Europe.

5. 5 Which of the following would be considered cottage industry/domestic system and which would not?

6. Hand-made Machine-made One-at-a-time You made it yourself Hundreds or even thousands at a time Factory-made “Made in China” Selling out of your home 6

7. Chinese double-tube seed drill, published by Song Yingxing in the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia of 1637. Most western history books will tell you that the Industrial Revolution (IR) started in England in the mid to late 1700s. Many will mention Jethro Tull and the seed drill as a pivotal moment in the IR. China must be mentioned as having a similar seed drill nearly 100 years earlier. Why do some civilizations advance their technology sooner than others? Where do you think the United States ranks in technology compared to Asia, Africa, and Europe? 7

8. The Factors of Production Land – the site of the production as well as any and all natural resources Labor – the workforce and ability to work Capital – the money, tools and physical items used to make the product 8

9. Charles “Turnip” Townshend (English, 1674-1738) - Brought the Dutch and Belgian idea of crop rotation to England in early 1700s. Townshend was a Viscount (title of nobility above baron) and Secretary of State to George I. 9

10. Jethro Tull – (English, 1674-1741) Tull was influenced by the Enlightenment, and in addition to “inventing” the seed drill in 1701, many of his agricultural accomplishments have formed the basis of modern agriculture. For example, he invented the horse drawn hoe and improved the plough. But every farmer in America today has to give credit to Jethro Tull. 10

11. Seed Drill, from Horse-hoeing Husbandry by Jethro Tull, 4th edition, from 1752 Tull’s other innovations included a plough with blades set in such a way that grass and roots were pulled up and left on the surface to dry. 11

12. Model, scale 1:4, of Jethro Tull's seed drill, c. 1701. Tull's seed drill of circa 1701 represented a major step towards the mechanization of crop cultivation. The machine would be drawn by a horse and sowed three regularly spaced rows of wheat grains. This regular spacing, as opposed to broadcast sowing of seeds, made possible the introduction, also by Tull, of a horse-drawn hoe to remove weeds growing amongst the crop. 12

13. Click on tractor to go to CASE IH site for latest technology. 13

14. Vinnie Fuentes’ restored 1940s plow, with help from Josue Juares, Devon Riley, and Erik Diefenbach 14

15. “…It's not a name I feel particularly wonderful about. I feel faintly embarrassed about it because it's not an original name. It's somebody else's name." http://remus.rutgers.edu/JethroTull/FAQ.html#Q2 15

16. 1700s 1712 - Englishman Thomas Newcomen harnesses steam for the first steam engine. The Newcomen steam engine was the predecessor to the Watt steam engine and it was one of the most interesting pieces of technology developed during the 1700's. The invention of engines, the first being steam engines, was very important to the industrial revolution. 16

17. 1733 – Englishman John Kay invents Flying Shuttle. The automation of making textiles (fabrics, clothing, etc) marked the beginning of the industrial revolution. 17

18. 1764 British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny, a hand-powered multiple spinning machine that was the first machine to improve upon the spinning wheel by making it possible to spin more than one ball of yarn or thread. 18

19. 1769 James Watt (Scottish) perfects Newcomen’s designs and patents first modern steam engine. With the invention of the steam engine, more goods could be brought cheaper and faster to a larger market around the country and around the world. 19

20. Fulton is known for what most say is the first commercial steamboat, the Clermont (1814), which steamed 300 miles up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany, NY in 32 hours. (Before that, in 1797, Fulton built the Nautilus, one of the world’s first submarines, for the new French government, who later said thanks, but no thanks to his invention. Robert Fulton American, 1765-1815 born in Little Britain, Pennsylvania in Lancaster County. 20

21. Sir Richard Arkwright (English, 1732-1792) Father of Industrial Revolution and the modern factory system 21

22. Arkwright “patented” (or at least borrowed, really, from John Kay and Thomas Highs) a “spinning frame” that helped spin cotton by use of cylinders instead of fingers and eventually water power, and renamed a “water frame” 22

23. Building in Stoneygate, Preston where Arkwright was lodging when he developed his plans for an improved mechanical cotton spinning machine. Now houses Age Concern offices. 23

24. There were two thirteen-hour shifts per day including an overlap. Bells rang at 5 am and 5 pm and the gates were shut precisely at 6 am and 6 pm. Anyone who was late not only could not work that day but lost an extra day's pay. Whole families were employed, with large numbers of children from the age of seven, although this was increased to ten by the time Richard handed the business over to his son. Arkwright encouraged weavers with large families to move to Cromford. He allowed them a week’s holiday a year, but on condition that they could not leave the village. Later in life, he himself taught the simple branches of education. Arkwright was later known as the “Father of the Industrial Revolution”. Arkwright’s main contribution was not so much the inventions as the highly disciplined and profitable factory system he set up, which was widely followed. 24

25. 1769 Richard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns. The first models were powered by waterwheels so the device came to be first known as the water frame. It was the first powered, automatic, and continuous textile machine and enabled the move away from small home manufacturing towards factory production of textiles. The water frame was also the first machine that could spin cotton threads. 25

26. Samuel Slater Englishman who moved to America, 1768-1835 click here for Samuel Slater on PBS In 1789, Samuel Slater deliberately broke English law bringing textile mill secrets to England’s enemy, the new United States. Also in 1789 our Constitution went into effect and George Washington became our first president. England was not anxious to share her economic strength with a country who had just defeated her. Slater had been an apprentice of Arkwright’s partner, Jedediah Strutt! President Andrew Jackson called him the “Father of The American Industrial Revolution” The British called him “Slater the Traitor” 26

27. Slater Mill, on the Blackstone River, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island Samuel's wife, Hannah (Wilkinson) Slater, also invented a type of cotton sewing thread, becoming, in 1793, the first American woman to be granted a patent. 27

28. 1794 – American and Yale graduate Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin, but technicalities and poor legislation make his patent useless as copies spring up throughout the American south. 28

29. 1798 – Deeply in debt due to patent litigation, Eli Whitney puts together ten muskets in front of Congress and wins a contract for 10,000- 15,000 more. Though the idea of interchangeable parts was not Whitney’s, his timing and use of it as well as division of labor and powered machinery is one of the major milestones in the Industrial Revolution. And this time, Whitney gets his fortune. Ultimately, Whitney’s introduction of interchangeable parts to the U.S. military will ironically help counter the effects of his other invention, the cotton gin, when the North uses its industry to defeat the South’s cotton-based slave economy. 29

30. 1814 – Englishman George Stephenson invented one of the first steam powered locomotives, called the Blutcher (the name of a general in the Prussian Army, who had just helped Britain to defeat Napoleon). It went 4 mph… carrying 30 tons… uphill. 30

31. Charles Goodyear, American inventor, 1800-1860 In 1839, with a lot of hard work and a little luck, Goodyear accidentally dropped some of the rubber he had been trying to fix onto a stove. Until that time, rubber cracked in the winter and melted in the summer. His process became known as vulcanization. It made it much easier to work with rubber and therefore make endless products out of it. 31

32. John Dunlop Scottish, 1840 – 1921 In 1887, trying to fix his son’s tricycle, he invented the first, practical-use inflatable tire. Dunlop was granted a patent in 1888, but unfortunately had the patent deemed invalid because another Scotsman, Robert William Thomson had patented the first “tyre” in 1847. In 1999, Goodyear announced a deal with a Japanese company that they would buy parts of Dunlop Tyre Co. 32

33. Henry Bessemer English, 1813-1898 In 1847, William Kelly from Pittsburgh, PA first began blowing air through molten pig iron or cast iron to free it of carbon and make steel. Independently (many claim), Englishman Henry Bessemer also began working with blowing air through iron. Kelly would suffer financial hardship, and through a little luck and a twist of fate, it was Bessemer who would see the process named in his honor. 33

34. Bessemer Process: patented 1855 34

35. I am “lighter than air, stronger than whiskey, and cheaper than dirt…” and my invention in the 1870s revolutionized agriculture and the American West. Known as “The Devil’s Rope” What am I? 35

36. But growth was not always good… 36

37. Industrialization brought with it many social, economic, and political changes to both the nations who achieved industrialization as well as those nations with whom they interacted. Some of these changes were positive, and some, well… not so much. Effect For the first time in history, people moved to the cities in order to find work in such numbers that there were more people in urban areas than rural areas. Result Cities became overcrowded and unsanitary. Slum lords took advantage of poor tenants, especially foreigners. 37

38. 38

39. The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread throughout Europe and America. Effect Economies shifted from agricultural to manufactured industries. Result Social: A large middle class emerged. Women and children began working in factories, but were paid less. Some factory bosses allowed for dangerous working conditions while treating the workers harshly. Economic: New technologies improved production, allowing manufacturers to make things faster and cheaper. 39

40. The Triangle Factory Fire of 1911 March 25 th, Manhattan, NYC Fire engulfs the 8th, 9th, and 10th floors of the Asch Building, occupied by the Triangle Waist Company, causing the death of 146 workers. The call to fire stations goes out at 4:45pm. Firemen rush to the scene but are unable to save workers trapped by locked doors or unable to negotiate doors opening inward. Many jump to their deaths or perish inside the burning building. 40

41. The firemen's ladders do not reach above the 6th floor, nor do the water hoses. The nets are insufficient to blunt the workers' fall. Others perish in the collapse of the fire escape ladder, which does not reach the ground. The public outcry over the tragedy mounts, fueled by rumors that the doors were locked and by a sense that owners' greed prevented the adoption of basic fire and safety measures. http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/supplemental/timeline.html Click here for a 9 th floor model 41

42. More Effects of the I.R. Effect Harsh conditions in factories Result Socialism, the political philosophy that the people own the “means of production” (factories, resources, land, …) and should benefit equally from their profit, became more and more popular as wealthy bosses (bourgeoisie) seemed to have acquired their wealth often at the expense and health of the workers (proletariats). Workers fought for more rights and safer conditions. 42

43. Conditions for Workers Improve British Factory Act of 1802 Factory owners must obey law Children must be supplied with two sets of clothes Children 9-13 yrs. old can work a max of 8 hours, 14-18 yrs. old, 12 Children under 9 must be in school Children may not sleep more than two to a bed On Sundays children are to have one hour’s instruction in Christianity The law did little to protect children as there was no provision for inspections. It was mostly ignored. British Factory Act of 1833 Provided routine inspections of factories Children (ages 9–13) must not work more than 8 hours with an hour lunch break. Children (ages 9–13) must have two hours of education per day. 43

44. In the USA, other acts followed, including the formation of unions which brought a minimum wage and a 40-hour work week. Workers’ rights spread throughout Europe and the Americas. After the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire of 1911, many changes went into effect and many laws were passed. The girls who died had argued for these changes only months before. Click for list of victims 44

45. Division of Labor Merriam-Webster defines division of labor as… “the breakdown of labor into its components and their distribution among different persons, groups, or machines to improve efficiency” 45

46. Ford Assembly Line 1913 Hyundai Assembly Line in South Korea today Computer Assembly Line in China Goodbye Twinkie  46

47. Adam Smith – Scottish economist and philosopher, 1723-1790 Considered the “Father of Capitalism” Wrote the Wealth of Nations, 1776 The Wealth Of Nations was not just a study of economics but a survey of human social psychology: about life, welfare, political institutions, the law, and morality. Argued against mercantilism and instead for a free-market. “How selfish soever man may be supposed, there are evidently some principles in his nature, which interest him in the fortune of others, and render their happiness necessary to him, though he derives nothing from it except the pleasure of seeing it.” 47

48. Capitalism Five of the most common characteristics of this economic theory are: 1.the ability to make a profit 2.freedom of choice (by the buyer/consumer) 3.right to own private property 4.competition between businesses 5.free enterprise (freedom of the seller to invent a product or open any business they want) 48

49. Pros and Cons of Capitalism Pros: Capitalism allows for creativity and ingenuity to be rewarded There is an incentive for you to do more than just what is asked of you. Competition between sellers often keeps the prices low and company practices fair 49

50. Cons to Capitalism There is often a large gap between the rich and the poor. Capitalism does not necessarily provide some of the basic services to those that need it most Greed and corruption can be found at every level in the name of the “almighty dollar” 50

51. Karl Marx German philosopher and political theorist, 1818-1883 Wrote The Communist Manifesto in 1848 with Friedrich Engels Wrote Das Kapital (Capital) in 1867, a critique of Adam Smith and his capitalist theory Today, Marxism refers to a very large amount of economic and political theory, but in a nutshell, it is a class struggle between the proletariat (worker) and the bourgeoisie (wealthy owners). Marxism supports a socialist society where the proletariats own the “means of production” (factories and what keeps them running), not the bourgeoisie, and private property is co-operatively owned. Eventually this should lead to communism, a classless society, with no need for government. Marx and Engels 51

52. 52 Summarize this cartoon in two words. Communist Party

53. 53 If you had the power to make changes to the economic systems in the world today, what ideas would you come up with?