1. ORGANIZING AND DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR VIDEO MyGraphicsLab Adobe Premiere Pro CS6 ACA Certification Preparation for Video Communication Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education

2. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (1 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education There are some general design principles when shooting video that will enable you to create your vision. The rule of thirds is a technique used to make the image visually dynamic. The image is separated into nine sections by two horizontal and two vertical lines, which are equally spaced. Aligning your subjects with these points can bring both tension and balance into the image.

3. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (2 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education Following the action refers to the technique of allowing the cameras to follow specified action sequences, rather than remaining static or at one angle. An example of this would be the camera following an actor running through a scene.

4. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (3 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education Leaning in and out refers to the technique of physically moving the camera either toward or away from the subject. For example, leaning in has the effect of making interviewee subject larger in the frame, which suggests to the viewer something important is being said. Leaning out can reveal more of the environment in which the interviewee is sitting, which can affect the story being told. Both these techniques can be achieved in postproduction, by adding a virtual zoom to the footage.

5. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (4 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education A match shot is a technique used to visually take the viewer from one part of the story to another. And example of this would be a shot of an ant hill that fades or cuts to a shot of a mountain. These shots appear to be similar, but there may be a difference in scale. Using a match shot is an effective way to move the viewer through the story while also linking locations, scenes, or story lines.

6. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (5 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education The use of zooms and pans when filming is an effective way to accentuate drama, action, and character development. A zoom is a rapid change from a long shot to a close-up, usually using the zoom mechanism within the camera, to show detail of facial expression or to accentuate a dramatic plot point. A pan or tilt is the rotation of the camera from left to right or up and down to show different areas of the scene. Each of these devices is used to further the development of the action within the story.

7. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (6 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education A tight shot is a close-up where only the character or object is in the shot. You would use a tight shot for detail and expression. A wide shot is where the camera is placed in a position in which it captures the most action possible. You would normally use a wide shot for action or landscape shots.

8. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (7 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education An establishing shot typically communicates a change in location and suggests that the following shots contain action that is taking place at the same location. It also helps to set the scene by showing the relationship between important figures and objects. You would typically use an establishing shot at the beginning of a scene to indicate where the scene is taking place, but as an editor you can create tension or surprise by adding an establishing shot later in the scene.

9. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (8 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education A closing shot will pull back from a close-up to a wide shot to reveal the context of a scene after the action is resolved. It also denotes the resolution to the action and the story but may also be used to hint at the possibility of further story lines. An example is a camera focusing on a wooden trunk and then pulling back to reveal a large warehouse of thousands of similar trunks.

10. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (9 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education B-roll footage typically contains shots of locations and settings referred to by the story or the actors. It often is shot by an additional crew, or second unit. These shots are intercut with the footage of the main shot to introduce multiple viewpoints or to add an establishing shot. An example of the use of B-roll footage would be during an interview, where the main footage is of the interviewee and the B-roll consists of footage alluding to the content of the interview.

11. PRODUCTION: DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR SHOOTING VIDEO (10 OF 10) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education Coverage is a term used to describe the collection of images and footage from multiple cameras relating to the same scene. It relates to the concept of making sure all angles are “covered.” These multiple shots can be used in the edit to tell a different story by showing the reaction shots of the characters or people involved. An example of this would be an wide establishing shot showing two people talking, cutting to close-ups of each of their faces speaking and then reacting.

12. PRODUCTION: DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOTS (1 OF 3) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education There are many types of shots used in filmmaking. These range from close-up to wide shot. A close-up (CU) is a shot that provides detail, typically of a face. An extreme close-up (ECU) may be a close-up of an eye blinking. A medium close-up (MCU) will show more of the subject and will usually include shoulders. A medium shot (MS) is a shot from a medium distance and is the framing between a close- up and a long shot.

13. PRODUCTION: DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOTS (2 OF 3) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education A wide shot (WS) is positioned to observe the most action in a shot (sometimes referred to as a long or a full shot). A long shot (LS) and an extreme long shot (ELS) are both used for setting the scene and giving a general impression as opposed to specific information. A background shot (BG) describes the setting of a scene, whereas a foreground shot (FG) identifies the subject. Over the shoulder (OTS) is a shot of the subject taken from the perspective of another person.

14. PRODUCTION: DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHOTS (3 OF 3) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education Point of view (POV) is a shot that shows what the subject is looking at, represented through the camera. A cutaway is the interruption of continuously filmed action by inserting a view of something else. It is usually, though not always, followed by a cut back to the first shot.

15. PRODUCTION: SHOOTING TECHNIQUES (1 OF 2) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education When shooting an interview, the framing should allow for the lower-third part of the screen to be used for superimposed text, such as a name and title. After shooting the interview, extra footage should be shot that illustrates the points made in the interview (B-roll). The interview footage will be mainly made up of medium shots (MSs), close-up shots (CUs), and cutaways (reaction shots). The B-roll footage will include action shots, establishing shots, and wide shots.

16. PRODUCTION: SHOOTING TECHNIQUES (2 OF 2) Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education A news report will be shot in a similar fashion to an interview. The reporter will be filmed giving the information to camera, and the lower-third of the screen will be used to give the reporter’s name and location. Cutaways are typically used to illustrate the points made in the report. Cutaways can be a mixture of establishing shots, wide shots, and general location shots, even including local people.

17. PRODUCTION: FILM TECHNIQUES Copyright © 2013 MyGraphicsLab / Pearson Education There is a series of elements required when designing a film. These include the following:  A premise  Story synopsis  Character bios  Log line  Step-by-step of action  Script  Extras  Treatment  Director notes  Development