1. The Civil Rights Movement CHAPTER 29, LESSON #1

2. Jim Crow Laws  Laws enforcing racial segregation (separation of different racial groups).  1896 - Plessy v. Ferguson : Supreme Court case upholding segregation.  “Separate but equal” SchoolsRestrooms ParksBuses LibrariesTrains Drinking FountainsRestaurants

3. WWII: The Movement Begins  African-Americans fought during WWII  Hoped war would earn them respect  Instead, came back home to discrimination

4. Brown vs. Board of Education  NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)  Civil rights group fought to stop segregation.  1954 – Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas:  Case challenging segregation of public schools because while separate, they were NOT equal.  Supreme Court ruled to end segregation in public schools "In the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal' has no place. Separate educational facilities are... unequal."

5. Challenge of Integration  Brown v Board of Education only effected public schools  Deeper Impact  Threatened entire system of segregation  Many thought other forms of discrimination could be challenged too  1955: Supreme Court ruled that schools had to integrating their classrooms (bring people or groups into equal participation in a group or institution).  This caused a lot of problems in many Southern towns.

6. Little Rock Showdown  1957: A judge ordered Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas to admit black students.  Governor called in National Guard to block 9 black students ( Little Rock 9 ) from entering school.  Riots broke out over the issue.  Many threatened the students.  Eisenhower called in the US Army 101 st Airborne Division to protect the students.  With their help, the students entered the school and that year one graduated.

7. Montgomery Bus Boycott  Rosa Parks  Refused to give up her seat to a white man  Was arrested and fined $10  In protest, African-Americans boycotted the busses  75% of bus riders  Many got rides, biked, or walked  Took over a year  1956: Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional "There comes a time when people get tired of being trampled over by the iron feet of oppression.“ -Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

8. Non-Violence  Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.  Became leader of the civil rights movement  Inspired by: Phillip Randolph: (civil rights leader) Mohandas Gandhi: (used peaceful means to free India from Britain)  Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey laws that were considered unjust.  Encouraged to disobey unjust laws without using violence.  Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC):  Created by King and others  Taught protection from violent attacks, choose issues, and organize.