1. Origins of the Civil Rights Movement
Chapter 29, Section #1

2. Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests
African-Americans:
Fighting for equality since Civil War
Goals:
Political Rights
Better Jobs
End to segregation

3. Postwar Changes Strengthen Protests (cont’d)
After the War:
Because of Hitler and Holocaust:
Racism is evil
African-Americans fought for freedom in Europe
Wanted to fight for the same at home
More moved to cities where they made more money and became more successful
Socially organized (work, churches, street)
More resources

4. Brown Overturns Plessy
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Oldest civil rights organization in U.S.
1896: Plessy v. Ferguson
Made segregation legal (“separate but equal”)
White schools better then Black schools (books, equipment, etc.)
Brown v. Board of Education
1954: Ruled the segregation was unconstitutional
Ended segregation in public schools
Little Rock 9
African-American students had to be protected by Army

5. Montgomery Bus Boycott
1955: Rosa Parks arrested
Did not give up seat to white person
Church members called for boycott of buses
Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Organized car pools, rode bikes, walked
Violent reaction by whites got national attention
After 13 months, Supreme court ruled bus segregation unconstitutional

6. Massive Resistance Many southern whites upset Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
Beatings, arson, murder
White Citizens Council
Middle and upper class white
Targeted African-Americans economically and socially

7. Sit-Ins Energize the Movement
African-American college students:
Sit-in: Protest in which people sit in a place and refuse to move until demands are met.
Lunch counters were segregated
Feb, 1960: Hundreds of protesters (including some whites) sat at lunch counters across the south.
Protesters covered in ammonia, itching powder, burned with cigarettes, beaten, arrested.
Ended segregation of lunch counters.