1. Unit 2 Part 2 Pgs. 76-99 Canada’s Climate Systems 1

2. Complete Handout #6 2

3. Driving the Global Climate System Pg. 76-79. 1. Weather and climate in Canada varies widely from place to place. Why ?? A. Weather – is the day –to – day conditions in the atmosphere. B. Climate – is the weather conditions of a particular region over a long period of time. 3

4. 2. Seeing that the Earth is curved, it does not receive the same amount of heat everywhere. More heat is received at the equator then at the poles. Why ? Refer to pg.77. 4

5. Two Climate Types 3. A. Continental Climate – is a climate with a wide annual range of temperature and low precipitation influenced by it’s location away from the moderating influence of the ocean. Ex. Swift Current, Sask. Winters are very cold and summers are hot and dry. B. Maritime Climate – is a wet, moderate climate that is influenced by the closeness of an ocean. Ex. Peggy’s Cove, N.S. Winters are cool and summers are warm. 5

6. Students : Read pgs. 78 and 79 and complete Handout # 7. 6

7. 4. Seven Factors that Influence our Climate (i) Canada’s Size – total area 9,971,000 sq km – thus temp and precip vary a great deal across Canada. Canada has 7 different climate regions. (ii) Latitude – Canada is a northern country – thus we have a colder and drier climate with a short growing season. (iii) Ocean Currents – warm ocean currents make places closer to the coast warmer while cold ocean currents make places closer to the coast colder. 7

8. (iv) Winds and Air Masses – winds blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure. - An air mass – is a huge body of air with the same temperature and moisture conditions - Air masses don’t mix well. If a cold air mass collides with a warm air mass with usually get precipitation and storms. - Prevailing westerlies – Canada’s main air system blow from the west to the east. 8

9. Air Masses that affect Canada

10. (v) Polar Jet Stream – is a layer of fast- moving, high altitude air which forms a boundary between cold air from the north and warm air from the south. - The position of the jet stream helps determine what climate is like in a particular place. - The clash of different air masses along the Polar jet stream often produces thunderstorms and tornadoes. 10

11. Jet Stream

12. (vi) Diverse Landscapes – we have a wide range of landforms and elevations. - Temperature drops as elevation rises - high relief can cause precipitation. ( relief – is the difference between highest and lowest points of an area.) 12

13. Canadian Relief Map 13

14. Orographic or Relief Precipitation – occurs when hills or mountain ranges force moisture laiden air to rise and cool thereby dropping the moisture as precipitation. Moisture on windward side and dry conditions on leeward side. Diagram Pg. 123 14

15. (vii) – Large Bodies of Water – bodies of water heat up and cool down more slowly than land masses. - Refer to slide #4. - Maritime Climate – along the coast - Continental Climate – center of the continent 15

16. 5. Winds and Air Masses Pg.80-81 - The leading edge of an air mass is called a front. - When a warm front moving northward( ex : warm maritime tropical air) clashes with cold front moving southward ( ex. continental polar ), the warm air which is lighter is forced to rise quickly over the cold air. The result is unstable weather conditions ( ex. heavy rain, high winds, or severe storms. 16

17. Cold Fronts

18. 6. Polar Jet Stream pg. 82 Polar Jet Stream – blows at speeds of 300-500 kilometres per hour - blows from west to east - it is a barrier that separates cold polar air in the north from warm tropical air in the south. - People who study weather patterns are called meteorologists and they use the jet stream to make weather forecasts. 18

19. Jet Stream

20. 7. How do weather and climate affect Canadians. P.86 -87. Questions: A. Can you recall a winter that seemed unusually warm ? B. What do you remember about that winter ? 20

21. 8. GeoLab Challenge pgs. 84-87. A. Weather Bomb – is an intensifying low –pressure system that brings about a dramatic drop in atmospheric pressure. B. Isobars are lines on a weather map that show air pressure distribution. When isobars are closely packed together, winds are stronger in that area. Students : Read pgs 84-85 and complete Handout # 8. 21

22. 9. Canada’s Climate Regions pg.88-89 22

23. Canada’s Climatic Regions are: A. Arctic B. Subarctic C. Pacific D. mountain E. Prairie F. Lower lakes G. Atlantic 23

24. Climagraph A climagraph – is a combined line and bar graph which shows average monthly temperatures and precipitation. ( Refer to pg. 88 figure 2.38.) 24

25. Take Home Assignment Students refer to pg. 88 and answer Handout #9. You will have one class to complete it and then take it home to finish it. 25

26. 10. Canada’s Natural Vegetation Systems Intro Question : How does climate affect plants ? Students : Define the following terms : Use your glossary or refer to pg. 90-91. A. Biome B. Boreal forest C. Coniferous forest D. Deciduous forest E. Natural vegetation F. Tundra G. Mountain Forest H. Treeline 26

27. Biomes The types of plants in a biome depend on the climate and landforms in that biome. Biomes closer to the equator have larger trees and plants while biomes further north or south have less vegetation.

28. Boreal Forest The largest biome on Earth, the boreal forest has both coniferous and deciduous trees. Animals like moose, bears, and wolves are also found there.

29. 11. GeoLab Challenge pg.92 As a group answer questions 1a, b and c on pg. 92. 29

30. 12. Canada’s Rainforests Canada’s rainforests are found along the coast of British Columbia. Unlike tropical rainforests, the temperate rainforests of B.C. are far from the equator.

31. Recipe For a Temperate Rainforest Rain all year round 300 cm or more of rain per year. Mild temperatures (0˚ - 26˚ C). A canopy layer of coniferous trees. Moss and ferns growing on the forest floor, covering tree trunks. Rainwater collecting on forest floor. Countless shades of green year round.

32. Activate Your Learning Pg.93 Discuss questions 1a and b and questions 2a and b. pg.93. 32

33. 13. Canada’s Water System pg.94-95 Students need to define the following terms using there glossary. Wetland Runoff Drainage Basin Watershed Drainage Divide

34. Canada’s Drainage Basins 34

35. Canada’s Drainage Basins A lot of Canada’s rain and snow ends up in rivers and lakes (runoff). Rivers flow into oceans and bays. Some water seeps into the soil (groundwater).

36. Canada’s Drainage Basins 75% of the water in Canada drains north to the Arctic Ocean or Hudson Bay. Water flows downhill (duh!), so that means areas in the north are at a lower elevation, since water flows in that direction.

37. Canada – Land of Lakes There are about two million lakes in Canada! The Great Lakes water system is the largest in the Atlantic Ocean drainage basin. Nine million Canadians and 31 million Americans depend on water from the Great Lakes.

38. Toronto uses 540 billion litres of water from the Great Lakes every year!!!

39. 14. Canada’s Soil System pg.96-99 Define the following terms using your glossary: Fertilizer Pesticide Soil Profile Humus Podzol Chernozem

40. Canada’s Soil Systems It may look like soil is just a bunch of dirt, but there’s actually more living things in it than there are people on Earth.

41. The worms, fungi, bacteria, and other organisms in soil give roots space to grow.

42. Without soil, we don’t eat, drink, or even breathe. The soil in Canada is a lower quality than it once was because of pesticides. These pesticides kill creatures that make the soil system work well.

43. The Composition of Soil

44. Erosion breaks apart pieces of the bedrock under the soil. Plant roots also break apart rocks and animals dig through the soil, creating openings for roots to grow and water to flow.

45. Types of Soil Podzol Ash grey colour. Form under deciduous and coniferous trees. Acid from coniferous tree needles makes this soil less fertile in places. Chernozem Brown or black in colour. Black chernozem is very fertile and rich in nutrients.

46. Students complete Handout #10 46