2. Strategies for effective teaching/learning and outcome: An overview Prof. HCL Rawat Principal UCON,BFUHS Faridkot

3. Overview of teaching strategies What are teaching strategies The bag of tricks

4. Meaning TEACHING Interactions between teacher and students under the teacher’s responsibilities in order to bring about expected change in student’s behavior STRATEGY Strategy is the art and science of directing and controlling the movements and activities of the students. LEARNING A process resulting in some modification, relatively permanent, of the way of thinking, feeling, doing, of the learner

5. Introduction of teaching strategy It is a long term plan of action designed to achieve a particular goal. Teaching Strategy is the mean to achieve learning objectives. It is a well-defined procedure used to accomplish a specific activity or task. “ The biggest challenge before a teacher is the presentation of a lesson”.

6. Definition of teaching strategy Stone and Morris have defined teaching strategy in the following words; “Teaching strategy is a generalized plan for a lesson which includes structure, instructional objectives and an outline of planned tactics, necessary to implement the strategies”. An instructional strategy or teaching strategy refers to a “pattern of teaching acts that serves to attain certain outcomes and to guard against others. -Acc to BO Smith

7. Tactics of teaching It is that procedure by which new knowledge fixed in the minds of students permanently. For this purpose, a teacher does extra activities in the class. These activities help the teacher to take shift from one strategy to another. Thus, teaching tactics are that behavior of the teacher which he manifests in the class i.e., the developments of the teaching strategies, giving proper stimulus for timely responses, drilling the learnt responses,Increasing the responses by extra activities.

8. Teaching methods It is limited to the presentation of subject matter. Methods come under strategy. It is a micro approach. Teaching as an art. Effective presentation of subject matter. Classical Theory of human organization. WORK IS IMPORTANT.

9. Teaching strategy When we try to achieve some objectives by any method it becomes strategies. Strategy is actually a combination of different method. For E.g. Lecture or textbook or question answer method can be never be used separately. It is a macro approach and considers teaching as science. Its purpose is to create conducive learning environment. It is based on modern theories of organization.(pre determined objectives, becomes strategy) Behavior of students and teachers and their mutual relationship.

10. Four major effective teaching skills Stimulus Variation Repetition Reinforcement Examples and Non-Examples

11. Domains achieved by effective teaching Cognitive -Mental processes Psychomotor -Physical activities Affective -Emotions, attitudes, & values

12. Objectives of teaching strategy To ensure that certain learning will be acquired in as brief a period as possible. To include students to engage in exchange of ideas. To minimize the no. of wrong responses on the student’s attempt to learn as concept, principle etc.

13. Characteristics of teaching strategies Strategies should aim at the following: Developing a desire to do work with the highest measure of efficiency of which one is capable. Developing the capacity for “Clear Thinking”. To expand the range of student’s interests. Provide opportunities to student to apply practically the knowledge that has been acquire by them. To train the students in “art of study”. Provide numerous opportunities of participation in freely accepted projects and activities in which discipline and co- operation are constantly demand.

14. Classification of teaching strategies “Teacher may used different type of teaching strategies in different learning situation for the effective realization of their teaching objectives”. Criteria for teaching strategies Quality of content Size of the learning group Characteristic of a group

15. Various teaching strategies Lecture Method: Most popular and oldest method Teacher gives information and students takes notes Useful way of imparting great deal of information Main focus: To achieve cognitive and affective objectives. Disadvantage: Passive for students Keeping students attention is major challenge for educator

16. Demonstration method Carefully prepared presentation Teacher shows activities given in the lesson Accompanied by appropriate oral, visual explanation, illustrations and questions Teacher make the student drill of the subject matter for assimilation Main Focus: Used for achieving psychomotor and cognitive objectives

17. Laboratory method Used to supplements the class work Learning by doing takes place Planned learning activity dealing with original data used to find solution for problem

18. Role play It is a dramatic method Given situation is dramatized by group of students. Students play specific roles as per situation under guidance of teacher Students gain useful educational experiences through drama Main Focus: To develop the social skill for playing the role of teacher in the classroom. It is used to achieve the psychomotor objectives.

19. Group discussion Popular method Cooperative learning takes place Discussion takes place between two groups of students Every group has a leader and anchor to conduct discussion Main Focus: To achieve cognitive and affective objectives

20. Seminar Group of 15 – 25 person engaged in discussion. Involves a generating situation or theme for a group to have guided interaction among themselves Presented to group by one or more group.

21. Symposium Consists of Set of programs of prepared speeches followed by audience discussion. Series of related speeches by 2-5 persons qualified to speak with authority on different phases of same topic

22. Panel discussion Group of 3-6 people carry on purposeful discussion on assigned topic. Discussion is carried by few persons in front of audience.

23. Workshop It is a meeting during which experienced people in responsible position come together with experts and consultant to find solution to problem that have copped up in the course of their work and they have had difficulty in dealing with their own.

24. Field Trip Carefully planned educational tour. In this a group visit an object or place of interest. Involves first hand observational study

25. Simulation Useful means to gain learner involvement and group interaction. Provide practice in problem solving and decision making Elicit demonstration of behavior

26. Project method Application to an objective of training that was developed by students during vocational courses. It includes the activity of individual leads to tangible results Main Focus: To achieve cognitive and affective objectives. The main focus is to socialize a child to develop the ability to problem solving.

27. Self instructional activities Used by teachers to provide instructional activities. Which guides the learner in independently achieving the learning. Effective method for learning in cognitive and psychomotor domain

28. Journal Club It provides opportunities for discussion of subjects which appear in recent periodicals or journals.

29. Brain Storming This strategy consists of problem solving situation in which come to their mind. Group is encourage to provide even unusually suggestion. They have to analyses and evaluate the workability of their own suggestion of the problem.

30. Programmed Instruction New strategy of teaching. It is also known as” individualized instruction”. In this the responses of learner are controlled by the programmer. To bring about desirable change in learner’s behavior

31. Questioning method Universal teaching strategy Method introduce some proactive ideas or questions and students response Best way to generate discussion is open ended questions Drawback is lack of class participation due to speak loud in class

32. Problem based learning Problem Based Learning prepares students to think critically and analytically, and use appropriate learning resources. It is an instructional method that challenges students to ”learn to learn,” working in cooperative groups to seek solution to real world problems.

33. Evaluation Evaluation involves assessing the strengths and weakness of programs, policies, personnel, products and organization to improve their effectiveness.

34. Bloom stated the following main purposes of evaluation: To discover the extent of competence which the students have developed and diagnose his strengths and weaknesses with a view to further guidance. To predict the educational practices which a particular student teacher can best participate in or organize. At the end of the career to certify student’s degree, proficiency in a particular educational practice.

35. Quality of Evaluation ·Quantitative Evaluation ·Provide a quantifiable objective measure ·Expressed in proportions ·Example: ·How many students have got >60%? · Qualitative Evaluation ·Communicate general expectations ·Expressed in grading ·Open to interpretation ·Examples: ·What about his socio-economic status ?

36. It is a continuous comprehensive assessment of the student throughout the year. It includes assignments, class tests,unit tests, midterm examination, clinical examination etc. FORMATIVE EVALUATION

37. It is the evaluation of the student at the end of the session for the purpose of grading, certification, grading or placement of students. SUMMATIVE EVALUATION

38. Difference b/w formative and summative evaluation

39. Evaluation Cycle

40. PRACTICE MAKES PERSON PERFECT Practice does not make perfect. Only perfect practice makes perfect.” - Vince Lombardi

41. UCON, Baba Farid University Of Health Sciences Faridkot