1. L3
THE LINGUISTIC
COMPONENTS OF CA

2. LINGUISTICS Framework Levels Categories Models Contrastive Analysis:
Microlinguistics
&
Macrolinguistics
Goal- belong psychplogy
Means
From linguistics science
Framework
Levels
Categories
Models

3. Contrastive Analysis
L 3-1

4. Contrastive Analysis GOAL MEANS Explanation of L2 learning
Therefore it Belong to:
Description of the language
Psycholinguistics
Linguistic science

5. Forms of linguistics: 2. Macro-linguistics
1. Micro-linguistics(Approaches) also (CA)
2. Macro-linguistics
What the interest of 20th linguistics:
It pays much attention to contexualization of msg and interpretation.
Grown concern to macro- Linguistics
That mean growing interest in semantics, sociololinguisic, discourse analysis

6. Semantics: the study of meaning, changes in meaning and the principles that govern the relation ship between sentences or words and their meanings.
Sociolinguistics: a descriptive study of the effects of any and all aspects of society on the way language is used and the effects of language used on society.
Ethnomethodologyعلم الاجتماع : It refers to the analysis and interpretation of every spoken interaction.
Macrolinguistics

7. MICROLINGUISTICS:
It is a branch of linguistics that concerns itself with the study of language systems in the abstract, without regard to the meaning of expressions. The language is reduced to the abstract elements of syntax and phonology. Thus the language is analyzed for their own sake and without reference to their social function.
MACROLINGUISTICS:
It is a field of study concerned with the language in its broadest sense and including cultural and behavioural features associated with language.
It embraces different aspects of language.

8. Discourse Analysis: It is concerned with how we build up “meaning” in the larger communicative rather than grammatical units, meaning in a text, paragraph, conversation, etc rather than a single sentence.
Speech-act Theory: an approach to the meaning of language which stresses the use made of language, rather than the literal meaning of the combined words. Emphasis what we do with language rather than what we say.
Macrolinguistics

9. CA adopts Linguistic tacticوسيلة is to divide a L- to 3smaller units)FRAMEWORK
Levels
Categories
Models
Structural or Taxonomic
Phonology
Unit
Structure
Grammar
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System
Case

10. LEVELS OF LANGUAGE Level of phonology :sound system of a L
Level of lexis (stock)مفردات
Level of morphology (word formation
Level of syntax:arranging of words in a L
Procedural Orientation:
Morphology
Syntax
Phonology
Nowadays mixing is allowed it is sometimes necessary to account for some fact of language. Examples P: 30
Mixing Levels:

11. TWO STEPS The stage of description
The stage of juxtapositionتراص for comparison
e.g: I have finished dragging them out in all directions at one time

12. FRAMEWORK of any Lanague
Levels
Categories
Models
Structural or Taxonomicتصنيف
Phonology
Unit
Structure
Grammar
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System
Case

13. Home work: Fill this: Categories of Grammar

14. There are four categoriesانواع : unit, structure, class and system.
CATEGORIES OF GRAMMAR
Linguistic descriptions are in terms of these categories.
There are four categoriesانواع :
unit, structure, class and system.
They are universal , that is they are necessary and sufficient as a basis for the description of any language.

15. Sentence { Clause – Phrase – Word – Morpheme
Category: 1- UNIT
The Units of grammar are:
Sentence { Clause – Phrase – Word – Morpheme
S Cl Phr Wd Morph.
Rank Scale

16. In CA usually single sentences are juxtaposedمصفوفه ,
UNIT
In CA usually single sentences are juxtaposedمصفوفه ,
But the shortcoming is that sometime one word in L1 is equivalent to a sentence in L2.
CA is concerned with the possibilities of maintaining 1:1 correspondence of units at ranks below sentence.
Example:
The pupil (who has fallen asleep) is Peter. (E)
Der eingeschlafene Schuler ist Peter. (G)
Two clauses in English while one in German
Interlingual Rank
Shift

17. FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology
Unit from largest to smallest
Grammar
Structure
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System(
Case

18. Category: 2- STRUCTURE
“A structure is an arrangement of elements ordered in “places” (Halliday)
Four syntactic structures in a sentence: subject, predicate, complement, adjunct
Four syntactic structures in a sentence: subject, predicate, complement, adjunct
Example:
Tom (S) took (P) the keys(C) from the table (A)

19. Structure A Structure in the level of phonology: cccvc: strict
contrast in word structure:
apple: apples
Apfel: Äpfel
Structure

20. STRUCTURE
CA have traditionally focused on the category structure: linear arrangement of clauses, phrases and words
Examples:
1)- My father, who plays chess, is very patient.
Mein Vater, der Schach spielt, ist sehr geduldig.
Clause
3)- Past participle: gespielt / played
Nouns plurals: Apfel-Apfel: / Apple-Apples
Word

21. FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology
Unit
Structure
Grammar
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System
Case

22. Category: 3- CLASS London is foggy
There are restrictions on which units can operate at given places in structures.
Example:
V Londone tumano (R) : * In London is foggy (E)
London is foggy
…eine unter meinem Wagen schelafende Katze… : * a sleeping under my car cat…
…A cat sleeping under
my car…

23. a certain group of words which can be used in the same place in sentence.
like the class of verbs, or nouns
They have no …… .
They can …… .
class

24. FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology
Unit
Structure
Grammar
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System
Case

25. Category: SYSTEM
Each language allows its speaker choices from sets of elements which are not determined by the place which the element occupies in the structure.
CHOICE: “The selection of one particular term at one particular place on the chain in preference to another term or other terms which are also possible at that place” (paradigmatic)
Systems operate over the domains of units: systems of sentences, of clauses, of groups, of words and of morphemes.
Example: systems at clause rank: “mood”
Indicativeدلالي
Imperativeامر
Declarative Interrogative

26. Language may differ, not in demanding different structural exponents, but in offering different ranges of options.
System number
System of case
Singular,
Plural,
Dual (A)
Singular
vs.
Plural (E)
Nominative, accusative, genitive, instrumental, prepositional and dative (R)
Common
and
Genitive (E)

27. FRAMEWORK Levels Categories Models Structural or Taxonomic Phonology
Unit
Structure
Grammar
Transformational
Generative
Class
Lexis
Contrastive
Generative
System
Case

28. Finish Part 1 ------------------- Part 2 not in the mid exam

29. Lecture 3-2