2. AP Biology Lipids: Fats & Oils

3. AP Biology Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy

4. AP Biology Lipids  Lipids are composed of C, H, O  long hydrocarbon chains (H-C)  Ex. C 57 H 110 O 6 (lard)  “Family groups”  Fats, oils, waxes  phospholipids  steroids  Do not form polymers

5. AP Biology Fats  Structure:  glycerol (3C alcohol) + fatty acid  fatty acid = long HC “tail” with carboxyl (COOH) group “head”  Ex. C 15 H 31 COOH, C 17 H 35 COOH

6. AP Biology Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated Ex. C 17 H 35 COOH Unsaturated C 17 H 33 COOH Mono-unsaturated Polyunsaturated

7. AP Biology Building Fats  Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)  3 fatty acids linked to glycerol  ester linkage = between OH & COOH  Esterification-formation of esters hydroxylcarboxyl ester (alcohol) (acid)

8. AP Biology Fats store energy  Long HC chain  polar or non-polar?  hydrophilic or hydrophobic?  Function:  energy storage – less weight but more calories  concentrated  all H-C!  2x as much as carbohydrates  cushion organs  insulates body  think whale blubber!

9. AP Biology Saturated fats  All C bonded to H  No C=C double bonds  long, straight chain  most animal fats  solid at room temp.  contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits

10. AP Biology Unsaturated fats  C=C double bonds in the fatty acids  plant & fish fats  vegetable oils  liquid at room temperature  the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together

11. AP Biology Saturated vs. unsaturated saturatedunsaturated

12. AP Biology Phospholipids  Structure:  glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4  PO 4 = negatively charged (Acts like an acid-H 3 PO 4 )

13. AP Biology Phospholipids  Hydrophobic or hydrophilic?  fatty acid tails =  PO 4 head = “repelled by water” “attracted to water” hydrophobic hydrophilic

14. AP Biology Phospholipids in water  Hydrophilic heads “attracted” to H 2 O  Hydrophobic tails “hide” from H 2 O  can self-assemble into “bubbles”  bubble = “micelle”  can also form a phospholipid bilayer  early evolutionary stage of cell? bilayer water

15. AP Biology Why is this important?  Phospholipids create a barrier in water  define outside vs. inside  they make cell membranes!

16. AP Biology Steroids  Structure:  4 fused C rings + ??  different steroids created by attaching different functional groups to rings  different structure creates different function  examples: cholesterol, sex hormones cholesterol

17. AP Biology Cholesterol  Important cell component  animal cell membranes  precursor of all other steroids  including vertebrate sex hormones  high levels in blood may contribute to cardiovascular disease

18. AP Biology Cholesterol helps keep cell membranes fluid & flexible Important component of cell membrane

19. AP Biology From Cholesterol  Sex Hormones  What a big difference a few atoms can make!

20. AP Biology Saponification  Alkaline (basic) hydrolysis of a fat – yields the salt of fatty acids (soap)

21. AP Biology  Since a soap has a hydophobic end (fatty acid tails) and a hydrophilic end (Salt part) they remove dirt (grease) and dissolve in water

22. AP Biology Hydrogenation  Oils (vegetable oil) can be converted to a more solid form by hydrogenation (adding H 2 ) to unsaturated oils.  Ex. peanut oil in peanut butter Vegetable spreads

23. AP Biology Trans fats  In the process of hydrogenation, trans fats may be formed  They can increase the bad cholesterol leading to heart disease.