1. On each post it write 1 question you have about the material we’ve learned. It can be something you don’t understand, or something you want to know more about.

2. Evolutionary Psychology Charles Darwin and natural selection: The inherited (genetic) traits that help you survive/reproduce will most likely be passed on to future generations. Charles Darwin and natural selection: The inherited (genetic) traits that help you survive/reproduce will most likely be passed on to future generations. (Survive the longest --> produce more offspring --> more of your genes in future generations.) (Survive the longest --> produce more offspring --> more of your genes in future generations.) Mutations Mutations random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the sequence of nucleotides the source of all genetic diversity the source of all genetic diversity

3. Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary psychologists: nature selects physical as well as behavioral traits. Why? To help humans to survive, reproduce, and send genes into the future. Evolutionary psychologists: nature selects physical as well as behavioral traits. Why? To help humans to survive, reproduce, and send genes into the future. They are concerned with the influence of genetic predisposition on behavior. How much do our genes impact our behavior? They are concerned with the influence of genetic predisposition on behavior. How much do our genes impact our behavior?

4. Evolutionary Example Evolutionary Psychologists say we crave sugar and fat because in the prehistoric era they were rare. Why do you think this might be? Evolutionary Psychologists say we crave sugar and fat because in the prehistoric era they were rare. Why do you think this might be? Eating as much of them as possible when they WERE available allowed our ancestors to survive famine. Eating as much of them as possible when they WERE available allowed our ancestors to survive famine. Problem today? What do you think might change over another million years of human evolution? Problem today? What do you think might change over another million years of human evolution?

5. Gender and Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychologists have found major gender differences in both attitudes and behaviors towards sex. Evolutionary Psychologists have found major gender differences in both attitudes and behaviors towards sex. What’s the point of sex (evolutionarily)? What’s the point of sex (evolutionarily)? To pass on your genes! To pass on your genes!

6. Men are more likely to seek a partner who is younger than they are. Why? Women ’ s fertility is low in the teen years, but peaks at about age 25, and then gradually declines to near zero by age 45. Women are more likely to seek a partner who is older, and financially stable. A study of more than 1,800 Hungarian men and women who were 35 years of age or older … found that women who had married older and better educated men on average had more children, were less likely to get divorced, and reported higher levels of marital satisfaction than did women who married younger and/or less educated men. In short, marrying a culturally successful man provides the woman with social, psychological, and reproductive benefits. How would Evolutionary Psychologists Explain this Difference?

7. On average men reported between 1.5 as many sexual partners during the past year, and 2.5 times as many during the past 5 years, than the average woman. Why? Men are predicted to pursue short-term sexual relationships as ends in themselves (Buss & Schmitt, 1993; Symons, 1979). The prediction follows from the general mammalian reproductive pattern (Clutton-Brock, 1989) and from the accompanying sex differences in the costs (higher for women) and benefits (higher for men) of any resulting children. In plain English? Men have more to gain (babies with their genes!) and less to lose (low commitment required). Women have more to lose (have to care for a child for 18+ years, less desirability as a mate) and less to gain (a baby, but without support or resources). How would Evolutionary Psychologists Explain this Difference?

8. Cute, sexy, sweet, funny - Dan Dennett video Why are babies cute? Why is cake sweet? Philosopher Dan Dennett has answers you wouldn't expect, as he shares evolution's counterintuitive reasoning on cute, sweet and sexy things. Why are babies cute? Why is cake sweet? Philosopher Dan Dennett has answers you wouldn't expect, as he shares evolution's counterintuitive reasoning on cute, sweet and sexy things. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzN-uIVkfjg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzN-uIVkfjg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzN-uIVkfjg

9. Behavior Genetics Behavior Genetics Behavior Genetics study of the influence (and limits) of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. study of the influence (and limits) of genetic and environmental influences on behavior. Environment Environment every non-genetic influence, from prenatal [before birth] nutrition to family life, culture, etc. every non-genetic influence, from prenatal [before birth] nutrition to family life, culture, etc.

10. Behavior Genetics and Use of Twin Studies Identical Twins Identical Twins develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, creating two genetic replicas develop from a single zygote (fertilized egg) that splits in two, creating two genetic replicas Fraternal Twins Fraternal Twins develop from separate zygotes develop from separate zygotes genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share the fetal environment Identical twins Fraternal twins Same sex only Same or opposite sex

11. What’s the Value of Twin Studies to Behavior Geneticists? Compare identical twins with fraternal twins: Compare identical twins with fraternal twins: Similarities shared by both kinds of twins are likely due to environment. Similarities shared by both kinds of twins are likely due to environment. Similarities shared only by the identical twins are likely due to genes. Similarities shared only by the identical twins are likely due to genes. Example: Example: Identical twins are roughly 85 percent similar for IQ, while fraternal twins about 60 percent. Conclusion? IQ must be partially genetic.

12. How Have Psychologists Used Adoption Studies? Identical twins separated at birth. Identical twins separated at birth. Different environments, different families…so significant similarities likely are genetic. Different environments, different families…so significant similarities likely are genetic. Video: Separated at Birth Video: Separated at Birth

13. The first pair Bouchard met, James Arthur Springer and James Edward Lewis, had just been reunited at age 39 after being given up by their mother and separately adopted as 1-month-olds. Springer and Lewis, both Ohioans, found they had each married and divorced a woman named Linda and remarried a Betty. They shared interests in mechanical drawing and carpentry; their favorite school subject had been math, their least favorite, spelling. They smoked and drank the same amount and got headaches at the same time of day. Equally astounding was another set of twins, Oskar Stohr and Jack Yufe. At first, they appeared to be a textbook case of the primacy of culture in forming individuals -- just the opposite of the Lewis-Springer pair. Separated from his twin six months after their birth in Trinidad, Oskar was brought up Catholic in Germany and joined the Hitler Youth. Jack stayed behind in the Caribbean, was raised a Jew and lived for a time in Israel. Yet despite the stark contrast of their lives, when the twins were reunited in their fifth decade they had similar speech and thought patterns, similar gaits, a taste for spicy foods and common peculiarities such as flushing the toilet before they used it.

14. Influence of Environment Starts in the Womb Prenatal Environment: First stage of nurture. Embryos and fetuses receive different nutrition, exposure to toxins, etc. Prenatal Environment: First stage of nurture. Embryos and fetuses receive different nutrition, exposure to toxins, etc.

15. Influence of Environment Starts in the Womb Two placental arrangements in identical twins Two placental arrangements in identical twins

16. More Environmental Influence Experience affects brain development Experience affects brain development Impoverished environment Rat brain cell Rat brain cell Enriched environment

17. Heritability What percent of the DIFFERENCE between people is the result of genes. In other words, if two infants were raised in identical environments, fed identical diets, given the same books to read, taught the same things, etc., the heritability of any difference between them would be close to 100%. (There would still be prenatal influences) IT doesn’t mean they’re almost 100% ALIKE, it just means that their differences are almost 100% attributable to genes.

18. Question Reflection: Positives and Negatives of Genetic Engineering? 1. If it were possible, would you want to take a genetic test telling you which diseases you are likely to suffer from later in life? 2. If you or your spouse were pregnant, would you want the unborn child tested for genetic defects? Likelihood of diseases? Traits? 3. Do you think it should be legal for employers to use genetic tests in deciding whom to hire?

19. Exit Ticket Write answers only on a separate sheet of paper and drop in the basket on your way out. 1)How does an evolutionary psychologist explain the fact that humans typically find these images “ cute ” ? 2) Behavioral neurologist Charles J. Wysocki studied identical and fraternal twins' preferences for the herb cilantro and found that while more than 80 percent of the identical twins gave similar ratings on the "pleasantness" of cilantro, only 42 percent of the fraternal twins had gave it similar ratings. What can be concluded about a preference for cilantro? Why?

20. The Nature of Gender X Chromosome X Chromosome the sex chromosome found in both men and women the sex chromosome found in both men and women females have two (XX); males have one (XY) females have two (XX); males have one (XY) an X chromosome from each parent produces a female. an X chromosome from each parent produces a female. Y Chromosome Y Chromosome the sex chromosome found only in men the sex chromosome found only in men when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

21. Nurture of Gender Gender Role: a set of expected behaviors for males and females Gender Role: a set of expected behaviors for males and females Often changes depending on the culture you were raised in. Often changes depending on the culture you were raised in. Who decorates house? Washes car? Pays for dinner? Mows yard? Picks out child’s clothes? Who decorates house? Washes car? Pays for dinner? Mows yard? Picks out child’s clothes?

22. Nurture of Gender Gender Identity: one’s sense of being male or female. Gender Identity: one’s sense of being male or female. Is a personal feeling of what gender you are separate from biology. Is a personal feeling of what gender you are separate from biology. Gender Identity Disorder: when one feels discomfort/discontent about the biological sex they were born. Gender Identity Disorder: when one feels discomfort/discontent about the biological sex they were born. Gender Typing: refers to the taking on of traditional masculine or feminine roles. Certain individuals take roles on more than others. Gender Typing: refers to the taking on of traditional masculine or feminine roles. Certain individuals take roles on more than others.

23. Nurture of Gender Social Learning Theory: behaviorist related theory that argues we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. Johnny is about to get another beat down, honey. He needs to learn boys don’t play with dolls!!

24. Nurture of Gender Gender Schema Theory: Cognitive theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior according to what their mental frameworks (schema) tell them are “male or female.” Gender Schema Theory: Cognitive theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior according to what their mental frameworks (schema) tell them are “male or female.”