1. 英语词汇学课程课件 课件名称：词的意义和成分分析 课件名称：词的意义和成分分析 制作人：张培成、寻阳 制作人：张培成、寻阳 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院

2. Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis

3.  Objectives: Discuss meanings of ‘meaning’; Discuss meanings of ‘meaning’; Explain types of meaning. Explain types of meaning.  Teaching focus : Meanings of ‘meaning’; Meanings of ‘meaning’; Motivation of meaning; Motivation of meaning; Types of meaning; Types of meaning; Components of word meaning. Components of word meaning.

4. 5.1 Word Meaning 1.What is ‘ word meaning ’ ? Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。 Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between name and meaning. 意义是名称与意思的联系。 ‘ Meaning ’ is what the form stands for. ‘ Meaning ’ is what the form stands for. Eg: desk : something you sit at and you do your work Eg: desk : something you sit at and you do your work

5. 2. What is reference 所指关系 ? It is the relationship between language and the world. 所指是语言与客观外界之间的相互关系。 By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked about. 通过这种相互关系，说话人指称 外界的事物或人。 It is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. For example, the word ‘ tree ’ refers to the object ‘ tree ’.

6. In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful. 换 言之，只有当语言符号与所指物 --- 物体、现 象、人等之间建立某种联系，这个符号才 获得意义。 In other words, only when a connection has been established between the linguistic sign and a referent, i.e., an object, a phenomenon, a person, etc. does the sign become meaningful. 换 言之，只有当语言符号与所指物 --- 物体、现 象、人等之间建立某种联系，这个符号才 获得意义。 The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. 词与外界事物的这种指称关系是 任意的，又是约定俗成的。是高度概括的， 是从同类事物中抽象出来的。 The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction. 词与外界事物的这种指称关系是 任意的，又是约定俗成的。是高度概括的， 是从同类事物中抽象出来的。

7. 3. What is concept? It is the general idea or meaning which is associate with a word or symbol in a person ’ s mind. It is the general idea or meaning which is associate with a word or symbol in a person ’ s mind. 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。 指词或符号在人脑中的大致印象或意义。

8. What ‘ s the relationship between meaning and concept? They are closely connected but not identical. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. They are both related directly to referents and are notions of the words but belong to different categories. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words. But meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use. A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world. Even in the same language, the same concept can be expressed in different words.

9. 4. What is sense 语义 ? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。

10. What ’ s the difference between reference and sense?  Sense denotes the relationships inside the language. 指 语言内部的关系。 Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for. Reference denotes the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for.  Every word that has meaning has sense but not every word has reference. 每个词都有语义，但不一定都 有所指。 Eg: but, almost. These grammatical words do not refer to anything. And words like God, dragon and phenix refer to imaginary things.

11. 5.2 Motivation 1.What is motivation 理据 ? It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解 释语言符号与意义之间的关系。 It refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. 理据解 释语言符号与意义之间的关系。

12. 5.2 Motivation 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation 拟声理据 It means the imitation of sounds by sounds. It means the imitation of sounds by sounds. Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia. Words coined in imitation of the sounds associated with the things named are called onomatopoeia.

13. For examples: Apes gibber. Apes gibber. Bears growl. Bears growl. Bulls bellow. Bulls bellow. Cats mew ( purr). Cats mew ( purr). Eagles scream. Eagles scream. Frogs croak. Frogs croak. Goats bleat. Goats bleat.

14. 5.2 Motivation 2. Morphological motivation 形态理据 Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Words which were formed by means of morphological structure belong to the category of motivation by morphology. Compounds and derived words are multi- morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined. Compounds and derived words are multi- morphemic words and the meanings of many of them are the sum total of the morphemes combined.

15.  When we talked about derivational affixes, we said most of them have a specific meaning, and when added to a root, they derive a new word. If one knows the meaning of the affix and the root, say – able and read, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word readable is “ that can be read ”. We say the word is morphologically motivated, for a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.

16.  Compound words may be morphologically motivated too. The meaning of words like good- looking, headache, daydream and many others derive from the combined meaning of the component parts. However, not all compounds are motivated. We cannot infer the meaning of words like bigwig, egghead from their component parts.

17. 5.2 Motivation 3. Semantic Motivation 语义理据 It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. It refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. Metonymy Metonymy Metaphor Metaphor

18. 5.2 Motivation 4. Etymological motivation 词源理据 Etymological motivation denotes that the origins of words often throw light on their meanings. E.g.: Pen originally refers to ‘ a heavy quill or feather ’. Today the writing tool is still “ pen ”, but a meaning is not exactly the same as what it used to mean. Proper nouns, once they become common nouns, can be explained by their origins only. Proper nouns, once they become common nouns, can be explained by their origins only. For example: a laconic answer For example: a laconic answer Argus-eyed professor Argus-eyed professor

19. Laconic 源于 Lakon ， 意为 “ 一个拉哥尼亚 人 ” ， 它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其 首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人 也同样因为言简意赅而闻名， laconic 这个 词从 1589 年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直 到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思。 Laconic 源于 Lakon ， 意为 “ 一个拉哥尼亚 人 ” ， 它是希腊的一个地区名，斯巴达是其 首府。以好战和纪律严明闻名的斯巴达人 也同样因为言简意赅而闻名， laconic 这个 词从 1589 年起被发现有言简意赅的意思起直 到今天仍然被英国作家用来表示这一意思。 a laconic answer 简洁的回答 a laconic answer 简洁的回答

20. 5.3 Types of meaning Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. 词义有各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分 组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。 词义有各种相互联系与相互依存的不同成分 组成，这些成分就是词义的种类。

21. Types of Meaning Grammatical Meaning 语法意义 Lexical Meaning 词汇意义 Conceptual Meaning 概念意义 Associative Meaning 联想意义 Connotative Meaning 内涵意义 Stylistic Meaning 文体意义 Affective Meaning 情感意义 Collocative Meaning 搭配意义

22. 1. Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. ( 语法意义指词义中表示语法概念 或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的 单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形 式。 ) Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. ( 语法意义指词义中表示语法概念 或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的 单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形 式。 ) inflectional paradigm: all the inflectional forms of a word inflectional paradigm: all the inflectional forms of a word

23. For example : girls, winters, tables, joys For example : girls, winters, tables, joys We notice that word-forms, though denoting different objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality. We notice that word-forms, though denoting different objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the grammatical meaning of plurality.

24. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. ( 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的 意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义 相同。） Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. ( 林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的 意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义 相同。）

25. For example : The word-forms go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component. For example : The word-forms go, goes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component.

26. 2. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核 心。 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核 心。

27. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意 义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文 化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的 影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意 义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文 化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的 影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。

28. What are the sources of associative meanings? The persons who use such lexemes; The persons who use such lexemes; The settings in which such lexemes are employed; The settings in which such lexemes are employed; Cultural values associated with the referents of the lexemes; Cultural values associated with the referents of the lexemes; The occurrence of such lexemes in prior texts; The occurrence of such lexemes in prior texts; Contamination from linguistic collocations; Contamination from linguistic collocations; Contamination from homophones. Contamination from homophones.

29. Associative Meaning Connotative Meaning 内涵意义 Stylistic Meaning 文体意义 Affective Meaning 情感意义 Collocative Meaning 搭配意义

30. 1) Connotative Meaning  It refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. 内涵意义 是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。  What connotations do you think “ home ”, “ dragon ” and “ mother ” might have?

31. 2) Stylistic Meaning Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles. Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles. 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩， 以适应不同的文体风格。 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩， 以适应不同的文体风格。 In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as ‘ formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang ’ and so on. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as ‘ formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang ’ and so on.

32. Compare the following two groups of synonyms: leave leave job job can ’ t can ’ t tired tired ad ad depart position cannot fatigued advertisement

33. 3) Affective Meaning Affective meaning expresses the speaker ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论 的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。 这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地 表现出来。 Affective meaning expresses the speaker ’ s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论 的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。 这种意义可以通过选用表情词直接了当地 表现出来。

34. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.

35. appreciative pejorative little little famous famous slim/slender slim/slender Determined Determined Statesman Statesman Confidence Confidence Farmer Farmer publicity publicity Small notorious skinny Pigheaded Politician Complacency Peasant propaganda

36. 4) Collocative Meaning It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那 部分意义。 搭配意义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那 部分意义。 Pretty and handsome share common ground in the meaning "good-looking", but may be distinguished by the range of nouns with which they are likely to co-occur.

37. 5.4 Componential Analysis 成分分析 1. What is componential analysis? The analysis of word meanings/componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features 语义特征 or sense components 语义 成分. Componential analysis is on the basis of semantic contrast. Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of binarity/binary opposition 对分 法. Eg: +ADULT (adult), - ADULT (young).

38. Sense components are conventionally enclosed in square brackets or parenthesis or without. They are all written in capital letters or in small letters with the letter in capital to distinguish them from lexical items.

39. man [ +MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] man [ +MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] woman [ -MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] woman [ -MALE, +ADULT, +HUMAN] boy [ +MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN] boy [ +MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN] girl [ - MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN] girl [ - MALE, -ADULT, +HUMAN] bullock [+MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN] bullock [+MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN] cow [ - MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN] cow [ - MALE, +ADULT, - HUMAN]

40. In making componential analysis, it is important to focus on the distinguishing features, i.e. features which can distinguish one word from another. In making componential analysis, it is important to focus on the distinguishing features, i.e. features which can distinguish one word from another. Eg: Between boy, chair, dictionary and hope, thought, problem, the distinguish feature is [+CONCRETE]

41. 2. The advantages and disadvantages of componential analysis.

42. The End