1. English Grammar 1 Lecture 8
March 11th 2016
Modality
Complementation Patterns

2. Analyze this text Identify the area in which the student writer has most problems/ is least controlled.
My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a tall lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked and she cries for help. So my older brother climbs up and brings her back down.

3. Analyze this text
My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a tall lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked and she cries for help. So my older brother climbs up and brings her back down.
Experiential meaning:
Are the noun and verb choices appropriate for the purpose of the text? Are the Noun Groups faulty? Are the VGs faulty?
Interpersonal meaning:
Are the pronoun choices appropriate? Is the tense/voice choice appropriate/ faulty?

4. Faulty construction of VEN
The writer has the least control over experiential meaning in terms of noun groups and verb group construction.
Analyze this text
Faulty NG.
Unconventional order of modifiers
Deictic choice inappropriate: singular article cannot be chosen with plural nouns
My cat is amazing. She likes to climb up a tall lovely brown trees. Then she get stucked and she cries for help. So my older brother climbs up and brings her back down.
Faulty VG
Faulty construction of VEN

5. Modality: Type and Value
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing
Are the words listed above “negative” or “positive” polarity?

6. She must not use my IPod. Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing

7. She will likely use it anyway.
Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing

8. It is not likely that I will trust her again.
Modality Type = ____________________
Modality Value = ____________________
Polarity = _______________________
Probability
Usuality
Obligation
Inclination
High
certainly
always
Required to
(has to)
determined
Median
probably
Usually
Supposed to
keen
Low
possibly
sometimes
Allowed to
willing

9. Clause Constituents' Functions
Subject
Finite
Predicator
Object
Complement
Adjunct S F P O C A

10. Identify the Function (above the wording)
That boy is crying.
He broke his arm yesterday and it hurts.

11. Complementation Patterns
TERMS TO KNOW
Object Oi Od
Complement Cs Co
Cx (non-central)

12. OBJECTS Od = Direct objects Oi = Indirect objects Ted sold his house.
He sent her a red rose.

13. Od Direct Objects
s F P Od
I’ll make some tea.
N VG NG

14. Oi Indirect Objects
S F P Oi Od
I’ll make you a cup.
NG VG NG NG

15. 1.All the men wore dark suits. 2. We found that map useful.
Identify the Objects in the following:
Oi or Od (Write only Oi Od)
1.All the men wore dark suits.
2. We found that map useful.
3. I gave the dog a bath.

16. Complements Cs = Complement of the subject (PCs in Collins and Hollo)
He is silly.
Co = Complement of the object(Pco in Collins and Hollo)
Tom considered her a genius.
Cx (non-central) = Locative/ goal/ temporal
We flew to Moscow.
Grandpa is on the sofa.
We treated them as friends.

17. Cs: Complement of Subject
Attributive subject complements are realised by AdjGs and NGs. (Attributes: what something is like)
Identifying Subject Complements can be realised by NGs and by clauses. (Identifying: what something is)
Reversible:
Mrs Williams is the singer.
The singer is Mrs Williams.
p.103 Collins & Hollo

18. Attributive or Identifying?
Mr Walters is young.
Mr Walters is the thief.
Mr Walters became a wanted criminal.

19. Cs: Complement Subject
When does it occur?
The monkeys were naughty and mischievous.
To escape from the zoo is what Mr. Zebra wanted to do.
The elephant became the leader of the animals.
What kind of verb(al) process can you identify?
What kind of phrase? (NP? AdjP?)
Function: A linking verb is used to link a description / feature to the NG. (Relational process)

20. Co: Complement of Object
The zoo animals considered the elephant brilliant.
The animals left their cages spotless.
The crocodile found the plan ridiculous.
AdjP or NP: both are okay
Object complements provide additional information about the object

21. Cx : Non-Central Complements
Goal
Temporal
Locative

22. Non-Central Complement Cx : temporal/ locative / goal
S F P Cx A
I’ve been looking for you for 200 years
“For you” PP
complement of the verb, look (for)
“For 200 years” PP
The PP is an adjunct because it is more readily omitted
Collins & Hollo p. 105

23. Cx: temporal/ locative / goal
S F/P Cx
Mary turned down the lane
NG VG PP
The constituents cannot be rearranged
* Mary turned the lane down
Collins & Hollo p. 107

24. Cx: temporal/ locative / goal
EXAMPLES:
I put the dish in the dishwasher.
Keep your hands on the wheel!
There is someone at the door.

25. Complements vs. Adjuncts
S F P A
Grandpa is sleeping on the sofa
S F Cx
Grandpa is on the sofa
p.102 Collins & Hollo

26. Complement or Adjunct? the use [of computers] [in schools]
The phrase “of computers” immediately follows the HEAD, use, and completes its meaning. Therefore it is the Complement of the Head. It cannot be omitted from the phrase:
*the use in schools

27. REVIEW: Complements
Cs = Complement of the subject (PCs in Collins and Hollo)
He is silly.
Co = Complement of the object(Pco in Collins and Hollo)
Tom considered her a genius.
Cx (non-central) = Locative/ goal/ temporal
We flew to Moscow.
Grandpa is on the sofa.
We treated them as friends.

28. Identify the Complement: Cs Co or Cx
We found that map useful.
2. That map was useful.
3. That map was old.
4. The map had been under the bed.

29. What do Complements do? LINKS a description/ features to the NG.
Provides ADDitional information about the object.
e.g. Mr. Walters; the monkeys
e.g. the plan; the cages; the elephants

30. These patterns have NAMES
s F P Od
I’ll make some tea.
S F P Oi Od
I’ll make you a cup.
S P Od Co
I made the tea too strong.
S F Cs
This is bad tea.
S F/P Ø
He choked.
Od= Direct Object
Oi= Indirect Object
Co= complement of the object
Cs = complement of the subject

31. These patterns have NAMESOd
I’ll make some tea. Monotransitive
S F P Oi Od
I’ll make you a cup. Ditransitive
S P Od Co
I made the tea too strong. Complex Transitive
S F Cs
This is bad tea. Copular
S F/P Ø
He choked. Intransitive

32. Complementation Patterns and their Names
Complementation patterns show the patterns in which particular types of structures may or may not occur after a verb in a clause. These patterns can be:
Intransitive (ø)
Copulative
Monotransitive
Ditransitive
Complex transitive

33. 3 Main Patterns 1. Intransitive (Ø) 2. Copular/copulative
3. Transitive (providing additional information)
3 SUB-TYPES
Mono transitive (one; single)
Di- transitive (two)
Complex transitive

34. Complementation Pattern NAMES
Definition
Example
Intransitive
No Complement, no Object
We sat.
They jogged.
Mono-transitive
One object
He loves his toys.
He stole my car.
Di-transitive
Two objects: Oi & Od (Oi- indirect object; Od- direct object)
They gave us flowers.
We cooked a meal for them.
Complex-transitive
One Object and an extra Complement
I find you wonderful.
Copulative
After linking or relational verbs
We are hard-working.
They seem hard workers.

35. No complement
No object
Intransitive

36. Intransitive
What do you notice in the following examples? What is the structure of the clause?
They all laughed.
Someone yawned.
It’s raining.
The sun rose.
Has everyone arrived?
S-(F) P
Some verbs are always intransitive (arrive, snow, blink, vanish).

37. Common Intransitive Verbs
Verbs of behavior: cry, smile, die, blink, blush, tremble, sigh, collapse, faint, fall, sneeze.
Verbs of weather: rain, snow
Verbs of occurrence: appear, disappear, go, come, depart, happen, vanish, fade.

38. Intransitive…no Direct Object
Typically, an adverb or prepositional phrase modifies an intransitive verb or the verb ends the sentence.
To determine whether a verb is intransitive ask whether the action is done in some way, in some direction or to some degree (if the verb is modified).

39. Examples: These PPs modify the verbs
Examples: These PPs modify the verbs. What questions do these PPs answer?
Jordan drove into the lane.
WHERE?
Thousands of cranes will return in the spring.
WHEN?
She worked with care and precision.
HOW to what degree?
Elise competed for her family.
WHY?
The verbs are modified by PPs.
The pattern is Intransitive

40. Some verbs can be used as both transitive and intransitive
S F/P Od
The pilot landed the plane.
Transitive
S F/P
The plane landed.
Intransitive
The plane landed on the runway.
The plane landed with a bump.

41. It rained heavily all night long. He gave his dog a bone. He jumped.
Identify the INTRANSITIVE verb in the following. Write the verb on your whiteboards.
It rained heavily all night long.
He gave his dog a bone.
He jumped.
He jumped out of fear.

42. Complementation Patterns
Intransitive (ø)
Intransitive verbs do not take an object or complement.
Copulative
TRANSITIVE: 3 subtypes
Monotransitive
Ditransitive
Complex transitive

43. TRANSITIVE Transitive verbs usually require one or more objects.
Does a noun receive the action of the verb?
If it does, then the verb is transitive and the person or thing that receives its action is the direct object.

44. TRANSITIVE 3 Sub-types Mono-Transitive Di-transitive
Complex Transitive

45. Mono-Transitive Patterns
V + NG
V + prep + Ng
That dog bit me.
I’ll see to the sandwiches.
V + finite that clause
V + finite wh-clause
He believes that he is correct.
She asked what I meant.
V+to infinitive
He wants to stay.
V + -ing clause
They like staying out late.

46. Mono-transitive one object
We must put away all our clothes.
They don’t play Angry Birds.
She loves her dog.

47. Monotransitive or Intransitive?
His father’s eyes widened.
He said he was sorry.
He opened his mouth.
He died.
He bought a sympathy card.

48. The complex-transitive pattern has one Object and one Complement, after verbs such as appoint, name and find.
Complex Transitive

49. Now compare this with a COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
Mono Transitive
Direct
object
We found the house.
Now compare this with a COMPLEX TRANSITIVE

50. Complex Transitive We found the house empty. infrequent object Direct
objection
Object
Complement

51. Complex Transitive S F/P Od Co
II I We I found I the house I empty I II
NG VG NG Adjg
S F/P Od Co
II I He I called I her I an angel I II
NG VG NG NG

52. Compare: Mono Transitive
He got his new shoes.
Direct
object
He bought them.
He now owns them.
Compare this with a complex transitive pattern.

53. Complex Transitive
He got his new shoes wet.

54. Compare: II I He I got I his new shoes I II S F/P Od Co
NG VG NG
S F/P Od Co
II I He I got I his new shoes I wet I II
NG VG NG Adjg

55. Monotransitive or Complex?
1. We found the house.
2. We found the house empty.
3. He got his shoes.
4. He got his shoes wet.

56. Complex Transitive Patterns
V+NG+Adjg
I found it useful
V+NG+NG
The consider him a genious
V+NG+as+NG
They labeled it as ridiculous.
V+NG+obligatory locative (Cx)
Put the dish in the microwave.
V+NG+ to infinitive
The believe him to be a genious
V+NG+ bare inf
He made them stand up
V+NG+ -ing cl
He kept us waiting.
V+NG+ -en cl
I heard two shots fired
Check your Tutorial Notes

57. Ditransitive patterns contain a three-place verb (give, offer, rob, blame -- verbs of transfer (give, lend ) and intended transfer (buy, get)
E.g. Give her a hand
I’ll buy a gift for him
Subject and the two objects.
Di Transitive

58. Di-Transitive or Complex?
They called her a donkey, and she burst into tears.
complex
WAHHH..
You are a DONKEY!!!!

59. Di-Transitive or Complex?
S F/P Od Co
II I They I called I her I a donkey I II
I am NOT a donkey…..

60. Di-Transitive or Complex?
They called her a donkey, but the silly animal refused to carry her luggage! 1 2
Hello? We need a donkey to transport some luggage.
They called a donkey for her (to help carry her luggage)

61. Di-Transitive or Complex?
S F/P Oi Od
II I They I called I her I a donkey. I II
Hello? I’m calling for my friend. She needs a donkey.

62. Di-transitive or Complex?
“Call me a cab.”
I want my identity to be that of a car (taxi)(Complex)
“Okay. You’re a cab.”
“Call me a cab!”
Call a taxi for me (Ditransitive)
“Okay, what’s the phone number?”

63. Di Transitive or Complex?
1. We found Nancy a new watch.
2. They baked her a cake.
3. We found Nancy an entertaining speaker.
4. They made her the leader of the team.

64. Ditransitive Patterns
V+NG NG
I gave Jo a copy
V+NG+prep+NG
We reminded her of the time
V+NG+ that clause
He assured her that he cared.
V+NG+wh clause
He asked me where the library was.
V+NG+ to inf.
She told us to sit down.

65. Copular / copulative verbs require a Subject Complement. (Cs)

66. Copulative
The most prototypical copular verb is BE followed by a wide range of adjectives and NGs.
Structure:
V + AdjG The game is very simple.
V + NG This road is the M40.
attribute
identification

67. Copulative (copular) She seems nice. He became a great man.
As well as be and seem, a wide range of verbs can be used to link the subject to its Complement.
She seems nice.
These add meanings of transition (become, get, go, grow, turn) and of perception (sound, smell, look)
He became a great man.
The music sounds ethereal.
He went insane.

68. Patterns with Copular Verbs
V+AdjG
The game is very simple.
V+NG
This road is Ting Kok Road.

69. Intransitive Monotransitive Di transitive Complex transitive Copular
Identify the Complementation Patterns in the following sentences. [next slide]
Intransitive
Monotransitive
Di transitive
Complex transitive
Copular

70. She likes cats. She is cat-like in her movements.
Mono b. Ditransitive c. Intransitive d. Complex
She is cat-like in her movements.
a. Monotransitive b. Copular c. Ditransitive d. Intransitive
3. She feeds cats that she finds on the streets.
a. Monotransitive b. Complex c. Ditransitive d. Copular

71. He likes old movie stars.
Mono b. Ditransitive c. Intransitive d. Complex
He is like an old movie star.
a. Monotransitive b. Copular c. Ditransitive d. Intransitive
That old man enjoys old movies that were filmed in black and white.
a. Monotransitive b. Complex c. Ditransitive d. Copular

72. MONOtransitive She feeds cats that she finds on the streets. S F/P Od
NG VG NG

73. N Downshifted Rel Cl H Post-M cats that she finds on the streets.
This is a NG. In the original clause it functions as the Od.
An analysis of this NG is as follows:
H Post-M
cats that she finds on the streets.
N Downshifted Rel Cl

74. MONOtransitive S F/P Od
That old man enjoys movies that were filmed in black and white.
NG VG NG

75. N Downshifted Rel Cl H Post-M
This is a NG. In the original clause it functions as the Od.
An analysis of this NG is as follows:
H Post-M
movies that were filmed in black and white.
N Downshifted Rel Cl

76. Complementation Summary1
S F/P
Sally left
Intransitive 2
S F/P Od
I lifted the desk
Monotransitive 3
(S) (F) (P) (Oi) (Od)
I am giving him a book
Ditransitive 4
S (F/P) (Od) (Co)
I declared her a genius
Complex transitive 5
(S) (F) (Cs)
The book is good
Copulative

77. PROJECT DUE BEFORE THE PLENARY NEXT Friday (March 18th)
(the last one!)
NEXT Friday (March 18th)
COME TO CLASS EARLY!!!

78. Tutorials: 15th, 16th, 17th Focus:
Complementation patterns
Upcoming: Quiz #3 the following week
Focus: Complementation Patterns; Adjuncts and PPs