1. AP World History Semester 1 Review

2. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Main Ideas:
Globalization of Mankind
Revolution in Farming
Development of Civilization

3. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Globalization of Mankind: Fire, Wider Range of Tools, Small Kinship Groups

4. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Paleolithic hunter and gatherer societies used fire for warmth and hunting for food.
The transition from foraging (nomadic) to agriculture:
-the transition occurred when foraging hunter-gathers returned to their favorite grazing areas
The spread of agriculture:
-developed independently, but spread rapidly from those independent points
-slash and burn methods used

5. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Neolithic Revolution
Characteristics of early agricultural societies:
-population growth
-constant food supply
-settlement in villages
-irrigation
-specialization of labor

6. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Pastoralism:
-contributed meat to the food supply
Metallurgy:
-copper, gold, and bronze
Neolithic Culture:
-accumulation of wealth with settlement
-social stratification
Development of calendars by observation of seasons, etc.
-practice animism

7. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Development of cities:
-population growth into cities
-new roles emerged i.e. Administrators, tax collectors, religious leaders
Early Civilization:
-specialization
-growing populations
-advanced cities
-advanced technology (irrigation)
-record keeping (writing system)

8. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Mesopotamia:
-cuneiform
-ziggurats
-patriarchical (Code of Hammurabi)
Unstable rule
Polytheistics
Egypt:
-pharaoh
-polytheistic
-hieroglyphics

9. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Indus Civilization:
-urban planning
-advanced plumbing and sewage
-writing is not deciphered to this day
Aryan Civilization in India:
-the Vedas (Rig Veda)
-caste system (Hinduism)

10. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Shang China:
-oracle bones
-mandate of heaven and the dynastic cycle
Meso and Andean America:
-Quetzalcoatl
-Andean city states independent because of terrain and lack of pack animals
The Hebrews: (Jews)
-monotheism
-ten Commandments
-diaspora

11. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Comparisons:
-Agriculture in the eastern and western hemispheres (Silk Road trade had very little involvement with Europe)
-pastoralism versus settle lifestyles
-political, social, and economic characteristics of the river valley civilizations
-civilizations in the eastern and western hemispheres

12. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
TURN TO YOUR NEIGHBOR AND TELL THEM…

13. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Which of the following was the major effect of the Neolithic Revolution?
(A) The establishment of sedentary village communities
(B) The spread of a migratory way of life
(C) A decline in total population
(D) An increase in the use of bronze tools A

14. Period: FOUNDATIONS-600 B.C.E.
Which of the following occurred as a result of the development of agriculture in societies that previously relied on hunting and gathering?
(A) Conditions for women improved.
(B) The incidence of disease declined.
(C) Population density increased.
(D) Degradation of the environment lessened. C

15. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Main Ideas: Classical Civilizations
Development of Religious and Cultural Tradition
Development of Trans-regional Networks

16. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Continuities:
No technological or economic breakthroughs
Little change from one civilization to the next
Changes:
Rapid population growth
Growth in size of empires
Rise and fall of Empires
Increase in innovations
Distinct Religious and Cultural Traditions

17. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Classical China: Zhou
-centralized government
-expanded territory
-Sons of Heaven (Mandate)
-standardize language
Qin
-defensive wall
-standardize weights, coins, written language, and measures
-new roads
-silk cloth produced

18. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Han: -bureaucracy grew stronger
-expanded territory
-civil service examinations
-silk road trade
-iron production
-ox drawn plow and collar
-paper
-cost of defending frontier let to peasant revolt and economic trouble.

19. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Classical India: Mauryan -Asoka Gupta
Gupta
-cultural flowering with Hindu influence
-concept of zero, Arabic numerals, and decimal system
-deterioration of status of women i.e. Loss of inheritance of property
-Hindu temples constructed
-plastic surgery and Inoculations
-astronomy

20. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Classical Persia:
-Zoroastrianism (not monotheistic)
-tolerance of other peoples
-Persian royal roads
Classical Mediterranean:
Greek City-States
-polis
-democracy
-Aristotle (Said you should rely on your senses to explain the nature of reality)
Hellenistic Age
-Alexander the Great (His influence on the Middle East and the Mediterranean)
-stoicism-reasoning
-geocentric theory

21. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Rome -pax romana
-public works i.e. Bridges, aqueducts, and roads
-government-Twelve Tables: codification during republic
-Roman Law i.e. Innocent until proven guilty
-Roman Culture i.e. Alphabet, philosophy, and architecture
-slaves from conquered peoples
Cost of defending its frontier led to the collapse of its empire
Classical American Civilizations:
Mayan City-States
-system of writing
-Value of zero
-astronomy
-calendar development

22. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Hinduism: -Brahmins -reincarnation
-spread through India Ocean to SE Asia
Buddhism:
-nirvana
-acceptance of all ranks of society
-spread along trade routes to SE and E Asia (missionary religion)
-women were allowed spiritual salvation

23. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Confucianism: -respect for elders
-civil service examinations
Daoism:
-yin and nag
-the Way

24. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Judaism: -not a missionary religion
Christianity:
-messiah
-missionary efforts
-pope
-appealing to poor (message of salvation)
-women were allowed spiritual salvation

25. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Late Han China: -heavy taxes levied
-poor harvest
-disease lead to population decline
-social unrest
-moral decline
-weak rulers
-decline in trade
-bordering nomadic tribes

26. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Late Rome: -ineffective rulers
Decline in trade
-high taxes
-decrease of money flow in because of no new territory
-Poor harvest
-population decline because of decease
-moral decay
-barbarian invasions
-vastness of empire

27. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Late Gupta India: -invading forces
-local princes gained more power
-Rajput regional states

28. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Silk Roads:
-between China and Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean (by 200 BCE)
-trade goods, religious beliefs, technology, and disease
Indian Ocean Trade:
-China, India, and Africa
-pottery, spices, and ivory
-seasonal monsoons
-dhow (sailing vessels)

29. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Trans-Saharan Trade: -camel saddle
-salt and palm oil
-olives, wheat, and wild animals

30. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E. Comparisons:
-political, economic, and social characteristics of the classical civilizations
-exchange in the India Ocean versus the Mediterranean
-expansion and appeal of Buddhism, Hinduism, and Christianity
-the decline and fall of Han China, Rome, and Gupta India
-Trans-Saharan versus Silk Road trade

31. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.
TURN TO YOUR NEIGHBOR AND TELL THEM…

32. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.
Which of the following was an important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires?
(A) A long period of drought that destroyed crops and livestock
(B) The use of slaves in their armies
(C) Intensified invasions and security issues along their
frontiers
(D) A refusal to tolerate Christianity C

33. Period: 600 B.C.E.-600 C.E.
Before 500 C.E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both
(A) had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by
(B) spread widely around the Mediterranean
(C) promoted teachings about reincarnation
(D) advocated a monastic life and a rejection of the world A

34. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Main Ideas:
State formation and their Interactions
Expansion of Communication and Exchange
Increased Economic Productive and Capacity

35. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Continuities:
Continuation of globalizing civilization
Continuation of older traditions in West
Changes:
Increase interaction
Reconstruction of old societies (i.e. China or Byzantium)
New societies all together

36. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. The World of Muhammad: -Ka'aba -Allah
-hijrah i.e. The flight
-umma
-hajj
Teachings:
-five pillars
-Quran
-shariah
The Split:
-Sunni- chosen by the community
-Shia- family member of Muhammed

37. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
Expansion of Islam: (Appealing message of salvation)
-not missionary conversion, but military expansion
Umayyads
-emphasize Arab ethnicity over Islam
-respect for people of the book
-ruling family lived in luxury and led to riots
Abbasids
-trade was heightened i.e. Arabic numerals
-learnings of the Greeks, Romans, and Persians influenced Muslim thought
-mathematics, calligraphy, and science was further refined
-architectural styles i.e. Minarets and mosques
-seclusion of women
-Sufis began missionary work for Islam
-Seljuk Turks, the Mongols, and the Persian Sultanates led to their decline

38. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Islam in India and Southeast Asia:
Delhi Sultanate
-not widely accepted
Southeast Asia
-spread through trade mainly on the islands and Indonesia
Islam in Africa:
-Sudanic states had elite converts through the gold and salt trade (West) Ex: Mansa Musa
-Swahili Coast had converts through Indian Ocean trade (East)
-Ibn Battuta (Islamic Judge/Scolar)

39. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. China: Tang (development of the Gran Canal)
-scholared gentry
-trade along the Silk Roads was protected
-Chinese junks allow Chinese to dominate the Indian Ocean
-paper money and credit was introduced
-urbanization, irrigation, and agricultural productivity increased
-Land was redistributed (led to peasant rebellion)
-gunpowder was invented
-tea and faster growing rice was imported
-population growth in the south
-internal rebellion and nomadic invasions led to their decline (internal greater than external)

40. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
Song
-Neo-Confucianism i.e. blend with Buddhism
-emphasis of scholared gentry over military that leads to decline
-overseas trade continued
-landscape paintings
-movable type
-foot binding

41. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Japan: (Feudalism)
-Adoption of Chinese culture
-emperors power fell to local elite
-samurai and serfs (protect lords and are loyal to lords in exchange for land.)
-military government "shogunate" emerged in response to gempei wars against the samurai

42. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Europe: -feudalism -Manoralism
-emergence of regional governments i.e. Holy Roman Empire and England
-Magna Carta and parliament
-the Crusades (Catholic Religion was the main unifying institution)
-conflicts between the church and state i.e. Investiture between pope Gregory and Holy Roman Emperor Henry
-women held traditional roles as homemakers with declining status

43. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. High Middle Ages -gothic architecture
-urbanization (formation of guilds)
-universities
-centralized monarchs emerge i.e. Hundred Years War
-banking grows
-technology of warfare like gunpowder and cannons

44. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Interregional Trade and Exchange
The Mongols
-Genghis khan, Kublai khan
-horsemanship, shortbow, and good strategists allow for expansion
-Golden Horde, Yuan Dynasty, and Ilkhanate
-the Mongol Peace promoted exchange & policed silk roads
-black death (Spread along Silk Roads)
The Bantu Migrations
-migrated south and east
-spread language and knowledge of ironworking
-stateless society

45. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Renaissance
-perspective, 3-D, realism, frescoes
-secularism/ humanism
Exploration:
-Zheng He
-europeans along the west coast of Africa

46. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Empires in America: Aztecs
-Tenochtitlan without wheel or large animals
-conquered neighboring people
-pyramids
-human sacrifice and religious calendar
-social stratification
Incas
-polytheistic
-Quipu
-parallel descent for inheritance
-roads

47. Period: 600 C.E.-1450 C.E. Comparisons:
-feudalism in Japan and western Europe
-Mongols in Russia and China
-Spread of Islam and Buddhism
-acceptance of Islam in Africa and Europe

48. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
TURN TO YOUR NEIGHBOR AND TELL THEM…

49. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
The photograph above of a mosque (first erected in the fourteenth century) in the modern-day West African country of Mali best exemplifies which of the following historical processes?
(A) Imposition of religion through military conquest
(B) Spread of religion along trade routes
(C) Abandonment of indigenous cultural styles in the face of colonization
(D) Conflict between local and universalizing religions B

50. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa before 1400 C.E. can be best explained by their
(A) conversion to Islam
(B) use of cavalry
(C) centralized political systems
(D) knowledge of agriculture D

51. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both
(A) developed from Mayan civilization
(B) acquired empires by means of military conquest
(C) independently developed iron technology
(D) depended entirely on oral record keeping B

52. Period: 600 C.E C.E.
Which of the following factors represents the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period
1000–1450?
(A) Climate change
(B) Increased interregional trade
(C) Decreased agricultural productivity
(D) Increased invasions B