1. International Politics Demography & Environment Questions –Why Is Overpopulation Occurring? –What Is “The Demographic Transition?” When Is Overpopulation Most Likely To Occur? –What Are Some Consequences Of Overpopulation? How Might It Lead To International Conflict? –What Is “The Tragedy Of The Commons?” –How Might Individuals Have An Incentive To Pollute Or Waste Resources? How Might Individuals Have Incentives To Conserve Resources Or Not Pollute? –According To Homer-Dixon, How Might Environmental Issues Lead To International Conflict?

2. International Politics Demographic Issues Rate of Demographic Change –Growth Rate: Population Increasing By Size Of Mexico Annually http://www.overpopulation.net/projections.htm http://216.239.53.104/search?q=cache:5U8Cdd9NopoJ:www.prb.org/Content/NavigationMenu/PRB/Educators/ Human_Population/Population_Growth/Population_Growth.htm+Population+Growth+graph&hl=en&ie=UTF-8 http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Populations.html

3. International Politics Demographic Issues –Stage 1: Traditional Society High Birth Rate, High Death Rate Agrarian Mode Of Production –Stage 2: Transitional Society High Birth Rate, Falling Death Rate Demographic Momentum Mixed Economy –Agrarian –Industrial –Stage 3: Modernizing Society Falling Birth Rate, Low Death Rate Industrialized Society –Stage 4: Post-Modern Society Low Birth Rate, Low Death Rate “New” Economy (Service Sector) Demographic Transition Demographic Momentum: Accounts For Overpopulation. Occurs When More Youths Reach The Age Of Fertility. http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet /BiologyPages/P/Populations.html

4. International Politics Demographic Issues Consequences Of Overpopulation –Food Shortages –Spatial Shortages –Resource Shortages –Disease From Overcrowding (Cholera) –Poor Sanitation –“Graying” Of The Population –Migration –Environmental Concerns Speciation Deforestation Possible Global Warming Implications For International Relations –Many Demographic Issues = Trans-Boundary –Homer-Dixon Environmental Problems  Societal Concerns –Resource Shortages Produce Famine (Somalia Desertification) Societal Concerns  Political Unrest –Famine Produces Insurgency (Rebellion, Clan Warfare) Political Unrest Spills Across Borders –Fighting Spreads To Other Countries »1977 Ogaden War With Ethiopia »Black Hawk Down

5. International Politics Demographic Issues 1969 Football War: El Salvador vs. Honduras –Trigger: Dispute Over World Cup Qualifying Matches –Underlying Causes: Demography + Environmental Issues El Salvador: Size Of Connecticut, Population Of Texas 12 Familias Control 90% Of Farmland –Urbanization & Migration To Underpopulated Honduras –Salvadoran Refugees Face Discrimination From Honduras (They Are Taking Our Land) Result: High International Tensions Producing Conflict

6. International Politics Environmental Issues Tragedy Of The Commons (Garrett Hardin) –Scenario: Cow Pasture Commons: Available To All Overconsumption Destroys The Commons, Reduces Herds –Rancher Strategies Overgraze For Personal Profit (Free Rider) Limit Grazing & Preserve Commons & Herds For All (Collective Action) –Application To The Environment Pollution: Why Protect Environment If Others Won’t? Resources: Why Conserve If Others Won’t?

7. International Politics Environmental Issues Energy Issues –Nonrenewable Resources Fossil Fuels –Limited Supply (Soon: Too Expensive To Extract) –Sources Of Conflict Externalities –Social By-Products Not Factored Into Price Of Product –Renewable Resources Fisheries, Forests, etc. Used Up Faster Than Replenishment Environmental Degradation –Transnational Problems Acid Rain Waste & Storage Defiling Natural Resources Soil Erosion & Desertification Slash & Brush Deforestation Ozone Depletion & Greenhouse Gases –Implications For International Conflict South Get Problems First & Worst Northern Technology Delays Solutions Confrontation

8. International Politics Environmental Issues Constraints Upon Solutions –Little Common Ground Different Standards Who Is To Blame? Theory Solutions –Realism: Environmental Problems & National Security –Collective Action Problem Incentives To “Free Ride” –Get All The Benefits –Pay No Costs –Incentives For Non- Cooperation Short-Term Gain Temptations http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/d/wdo2/ba243/b&g/index7.htm –Liberalism Voluntary Restraints Regulations Partitioning Commons Property Common Ownership Of Property