1. SOL REVIEW World History - 9

2. Homo sapiens emerged in Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. They migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on obtaining wild plants and animals.

3. Paleolithic – Old Stone Age Hunter-gatherer were: Nomadic – traveled in search of food Invented the first simple tools Learned how to make fire Lived in clans Developed oral language Created cave art

4. Neolithic - ( New Stone Age) Developed agriculture Domesticated animals Used advanced tools Made pottery Developed weaving skills

5. Archeologist study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, fossils, and artifacts. Carbon Dating is used to analyze fossils and artifacts. Stonehenge is an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic Age and completed during the Bronze Age.

6. River Valley Civilizations Egyptian Civilization – Nile River and Delta located in Africa Mesopotamian Civilization – Tigris and Euphrates River (present day Iraq)

7. Indian Civilization – Indus River valley (present day India) Chinese Civilization – Huang He River valley (present day China)

8. River Valleys offered: Rich soil for agriculture Used as protection against invaders Great transportation to be used in travel and trade. Provide a food source.

9. Development of Social Pattern Hereditary Rulers – such as kings and pharaohs. Rigid Class System – where slavery was accepted. Slavery was not based on race.

10. Development of Political Power World first states – city-states, kingdoms, and empires. Centralized government – based on religious authority. Written law codes – such as the Ten Commandments and Code of Hammurabi

11. Development of Economic Patterns Metal tools – bronze and iron Increase agricultural surplus – better tools, plows, and irrigation Increase trade along rivers and by sea. People like the Phoenicians were very good at setting up trade routes along the Mediterranean Sea.

12. Other Early Civilizations Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast.

13. Kush (Nubia) was located on the upper (southern) Nile River Development of Religious Traditions Polytheism (belief in more than one god) was practiced by most early civilizations. Monotheism (belief in only one God) was practiced by the Hebrews and Zoroastrians.

14. Abraham, the founder of Judaism, becomes the foundation for Christianity and Islam as well. Origins of Judaism Moses leads the Jew out of Egypt, known as the Exodus and carried down the Ten Commandments from Mount Sinai. Monotheistic religion.

15. Torah contains written records and beliefs of Hebrews. Ten Commandments which state moral and religious conduct. Diaspora - the scattering of the Jews from their homeland in Palestine.

16. Language and Writing in Early Civilizations Pictograms – earliest written symbols Hieroglyphics – Egyptian writing

17. Cuneiform – writing developed in Sumer Alphabet – developed by the Phoenicians

18. Review Questions 1. The hunter-gatherer people were a. Hut builders b. writers c. nomads d. farmers

19. 2. One of the following did not begin during the Neolithic Era a. Domesticated animals b. Creation of fire c. Development of villages d. Pottery and weaving

20. 3. Anthropologist apply this scientific test to analyze fossils and artifacts a. Carbon Dating b. Fossil Analysis c. X-Rays d. Paleontology Dating

21. 4. What civilization was located near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers? a. Kush b. Egypt c. Chinese d. Mesopotamian/Sumer

22. 5. The covenant of the Hebrew people refers to a mutual promise between God and their founder, a. Moses b. David c. Abraham d. Solomon

23. 6. Following the fall of Jerusalem, Jews entered into a period of exile called the a. Torah b. Diaspora c. heresy d. monotheism

24. 7. The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of all of the following religions except a. Islam b. Hinduism c. Judaism d. Christianity

25. 8. In early civilizations’ reading and writing, pictographs were a. Simplified drawings of objects. b. Scholars who specialized in reading and writing c. Clay tablets used for writing d. Instructional system for teaching people how to read and write

26. 9. The system of writing that developed in Sumer was called a. hieroglyphics b. Hyksos c. cuneiform d. calligraphy

27. 10. Phoenicians were known for all of the following except a. Creating the alphabet b. farming c. sailing d. trading

28. Persian Empire How was the Persian Empire governed? Tolerance of conquered people Development of imperial bureaucracy Zoroastrianism as a monotheistic religion Developed an extensive road system

29. Indian Civilization Began in the Indus River Valley and eventually spread to the Ganges River Valley. Geographical barriers such as the Himilayas Mountains, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion more difficult.

30. Aryans (Indo-Aryans) people invaded India and created a rigid Caste system, which influenced all social interactions and choices or occupations.

31. Gupta Empire Golden age of classical Indian Culture Contributions: Mathematics New textiles - cotton Literature

32. Hindu Numerals Base 10 Included zero Place value and decimals

33. Hinduism Hinduism influenced Indian society and culture. Hindu law promoted the caste system

34. Brahman The unifying soul in all things. Many forms of one major deity (God).

35. A spirit is born again and again until moksha (perfect understanding) is achieved Reincarnation -Cycles of Rebirth Karma – future reincarnation based on present behavior

36. Sacred writings Vedas Upanishads Spread of Hinduism Hinduism spread from India to Southeast Asia

37. Origins of Buddhism Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the part of India that borders present-day Nepal. Buddha :” The Enlightened One” Enlightenment: wisdom; a state of perfect understanding

38. Beliefs of Buddhism Eightfold Path Rejects the Hindu caste system, but keeps the concepts of karma and reincarnation Four Noble Truths

39. Asoka Asoka’s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia

40. Classical China Centered on the Huang He River (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated.

41. Migratory invaders, Mongols, raided Chinese settlements from the north. Great Wall of China was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against the Mongol invaders.

42. Chinas was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine. The gods gave them the right to rule as long as their rule was just. They served under a Mandate of Heaven.

43. Helped to maintain contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome Silk Road Trade was spread from such cities as, Xi’an (Chang’an) in China to Samarkand in Uzbekistan.

44. China’s Contributions Porcelain Silk Paper Block Printing Paper money Civil Service System

45. Contributions of Confucianism in forming the social order in China Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness used in Chinese society today. Emphasis on education Ancestor worship

46. Contributions of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values Humility Simple life and inner peace Harmony with nature

47. Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Daoism Chinese form of Buddhism spread throughout Asia

48. 1. The most important religious reformer of ancient Persia was a prophet named a. Ahura Mazda b. Buddha c. Moses d. Zoroaster

49. 2. The Silk Roads of the Gupta Empire were of most importance of Indian a. religion b. trade c. government

50. 3. All of the following are contributions from the Gupta Empire except a. mathematics b. cotton c. silk d. literature

51. 4. What group invaded India and developed the caste system? a. Mongols b. Aryans c. Persians d. Germanics

52. 5. In Hinduism, the state of perfect understanding of all things is knows as a. reincarnation b. karma c. Upanishads d. moksha

53. 6. The founder of Buddhism was a. Laozi b. Asoka c. Siddhartha Gautama d. Abraham

54. 7. Buddhism has never been practiced by a large percentage of the population living in the country where the religion was founded, which is a. China b. Japan c. Iran d. India

55. 8. Emperor of China who began the Great Wall to keep out the northern invaders? b. Asoka c. Siddhartha Gautama a. Shi Huangdi

56. 9. In Chinese philosophy, the natural rhythms of life (balance) are represented by a. Karma and dharma b. Confucianism and Legalism c. Yin and Yang d. moksha

57. 10. All of the following are emphasized in Confucianism except a. Caste system b. education c. Respect of elders d. Code of politeness

58. GREECE The physical geography of Aegean Basin shaped the economy, social and political development of Greece.

59. Economic and Social Development Due to mountainous terrain, there was limited arable (farmable) land. Greeks had to rely on trade and colonization to obtain food and goods. This helped to spread the Hellenic Culture.

60. Political Development Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states, such as Athens and Sparta These city-states were designed to promote civic and commercial life. Colonization led to overpopulation and the search for arable land.

61. Greek Mythology Polytheistic Religion Explained natural phenomena, life events and human qualities Serve as symbols in and images in Western literature, art, monumental architecture, and politics

62. Zeus - Chief god. God of Thunder Hera - Wife of Zeus.Goddess of Marriage Apollo - God of the sun, light, logic, and music Artemis - Goddess of the moon, hunting, and wild things

63. Aphrodite - Goddess of Love Athena - Goddess of War and Wisdom

64. Athens Developed the world’s first (limited) democracy Stages of Athenian Government Monarchy - Rule by one person, a king or queen Aristocracy - Rule by a small group of wealthy land owners

65. Tyranny - Rule by one person, a tyrant, who seizes power Democracy - Rule by the people

66. Draco The first Greek legal code Harsh laws – most crimes punishable by death Solon Allowed all citizens to debate in the assembly Allowed all citizens access to court system Outlawed debt slavery

67. Citizens Free adult males (one-fifth of the population) Citizens of Athens were expected to participate in government Citizens debated laws before voting on them Women, foreigners, and slaves had no political rights Citizens were expected to be skilled public speakers

68. Slaves 1/3 of the people living in Athens were slaves The labor of slaves gave many citizens time to participate in government. Direct Democracy Ordinary citizens were able to vote on all laws and other major decisions and their votes are counted directly

69. Sparta Located on the Island of Peloponnessus Conquered nearby city-state and forced the people to work for the state Spartan Government Oligarchy: Government ruled by a few powerful people Militaristic and aggressive Valued duty, strength, and discipline Spartan Society

70. Persian Wars The Persian Wars united Athens and Sparta against the mighty Persian Empire Greece vs. Persian Empire 499 – 449 BC Battle at Marathon Though heavily outnumbered, Greeks defeated the Persians

71. Victory at Salamis Athenian ships trapped and rammed the Persian fleet in this narrow strait. Results of the Persian Wars Greece wins and preserves its independence Athens experiences a Golden Age and continues innovations in government and culture. Greeks control trade on the Aegean Sea

72. Athenian Golden Age Architecture, drama, poetry, sculpture, philosophy and science all reached new heights He extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice in government Pericles - Father of democracy

73. Golden Age of Pericles Pericles had Athens rebuilt after its destruction in the Persian Wars The Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction

74. Parthenon Temple to the goddess Athena Conveys a sense of perfect balance Doric columns

75. Greek Columns 1. Doric 2. Ionic 3. Corinthian C. A. B.

76. Phidias Greek Sculptor He sculpted much of the work on the Parthenon His figures were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed Greek Philosophers “Lovers of wisdom” Used logic and reason to understand the universe Questioned accepted ideas Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

77. ocrates Questioned beliefs and moral standards Put to death for corrupting the city’s youth and neglecting the gods Wrote The Republic, his idea of a perfect society Student of Socrates lato

78. His work forms the basis for the scientific method Student of Plato ristotle Greek Tragedies Plays which told of human suffering Playwrights: Aeschylus and Sophocles

79. Aeschylus Wrote The Orestria –tales of murder and revenge during the Trojan Wars Shows how pride can bring misfortune, and how the gods can bring down even the greatest heroes Sophocles Antigone tells of a princess who sacrifices her own life to honor her slain brother Explores the conflict between love and duty, honor and the law Wrote Antigone and Oedipus

80. Greek Historians Stressed the importance of research Showed the need to avoid bias when recording history Herodotus - Father of History Traveled extensively and visited many lands to collect information Wrote about the Persian Wars Thucydides - Wrote about the Peloponnesian War Tried to be fair to both sides

81. The Peloponnesian War 431BC to 404 BC Athens and the Delian League Sparta and the Peloponnesian League vs. Sparta wins Athens loses political power Cultural advance is slowed Greek defenses are weakened Results of the Peloponnesian War

82. Phillip II of Macedonia Conquered Greece Father to Alexander the Great Adopted and spread Greek Culture Alexander the Great Conquered the Persians and established an Empire extending from Egypt to India (further than the Persian Empire) After his death, three of his generals established dynasties which lasted until the rise of the Roman Empire

83. Hellenistic Age - Years of Greek influence following Alexander’s death and ending with the Roman conquest. Hellenistic Culture is the blending of Greek (Hellenic) culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences Hellenistic culture spread through trade

84. Hellenistic Achievements Advances continued in Greek art, architecture, philosophy, mathematics and science Greek Mathematicians Pythagoras – developed the Pythagorean Theorem: formula used to calculate the relationship between the sides of a right triangle Euclid - The Father of Geometry Wrote The Elements

85. Hippocrates - The Father of Medicine Refused to use the gods to explain illness Stressed the importance of observation, diagnosis and treatment Wrote the “Hippocratic Oath,” which is still used by doctors today. Archimedes - Invented many practical devices including the lever and pulley, the screw, and the catapult