1. Models of Urban Land Use

2. Models of Urban Land Use in North America
Study of urban land use generally draws from three descriptive models
Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model
Hoyt’s Sector Model
Harris & Ullman’s Multiple Nuclei Model

3. Models of Urban Land Use
These models were developed to generalize the patterns of urban land use found in early industrial US cities
None of them can accurately describe land use in all cities
Describe patterns of land use in a generic city, do not describe the process by which land use changes
The political powers of a city council are most often found in the constitution of the state in which the city is located

4. Some assumptions seen through the models (some will be addressed in later models)
Private ownership of property
Economic competition for space
CBD is main point for employment
Expanding area and population
Physical geography plays no role (flat & featureless)
Transportation is cheap, fast and reliable in all directions

5. Trade Off Model of Land Use
Rents decrease as distance increases
Certain land use types benefit from a more central location
In the United States, an increase in the amount of money in an urban ghetto typically results in the ghetto becoming more ethnically diverse, less segregated, and less cohesive

6. Models of Urban Land Use
Criticisms of all models
Economic focus
Marginalize cultural/social influences
Limited environmental focus

7. Models of Urban Land Use
Concentric Zone Model
Sector Model
Multiple Nuclei Model
Peripheral Model
Urban Realms Model
Transport Technology/Intraurban Model
White’s 21st Century Model
Urban Development Model

8. Concentric Zone

9. Sector
Landless residents usually work to improve their situations by meeting in political demonstrations and later forming grassroots organizations

10. Multi-Nuclei

11. Peripheral
An urban heat island is a city that is hotter than surrounding suburban or rural areas. In urban heat islands, air quality is comparatively lower and there are greater health risks due to heat waves. When a city is not designed to be sustainable and eco-friendly, it has the potential to become an urban heat island

12. Vance’s Urban Realms Each Urban Realm is shaped by: Terrain
Overall city size
Amount of economic activity in each realm
Internal accessibility of each core
Inter-accessibility among realms

13. Adam’s Model Focused on intraurban growth
Based on breakthroughs in transportation technology
A pattern of outward-urban expansion
Occurred in 4 stages
<1888- Walking-Horsecar era
Electric Streetcar era
Recreational Auto era
1945-present- Freeway era
Radial era
Circumferential Beltway 1970-Present 13

14. Intraurban growth
The exodus of middle- and high-income residents from urban areas to the suburbs during the 1970s and 1980s was characterized as a racial movement: white flight

15. Walking/Horse car ( )

16. Electric Streetcar (1890-1920)

17. Recreational Auto ( )

18. Freeway (1945-present)
Radial Highway ( )

19. Freeway (1945-present) Circumferential Beltway (1970-Present)

20. White’s 21st Century Model
Comprised of seven key elements:
Core-still key but functions may have changed
Zone of Stagnation-Result of vertical not horizontal expansion
Pockets of poverty and minorities
Elite enclaves
Diffused middle class-based upon life stage and history
Industrial Anchors & Public Sector Control-Exert pressure on patterns of land use and development
Epicentres and corridors

21. Joke

22. URBAN DEVELOPMENT MODEL

23. Stages of Urban Development Model
Urbanisation
Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation
Disurbanitsation/Counterurbanisation
Reurbanisation

25. Urbanisation Stage
Certain settlements grow at the cost of surrounding countryside

27. Suburbanisation/Exurbanisation Stage
When the urban ring grows at the cost of the urban core

29. Disurbanitsation/Counterurban-isation Stage
When the population loss of the core exceeds the population gain of the ring resulting in total loss of population

31. Reurbanisation Stage
Either the rate of population loss in core tapers off or the core starts regaining population

33. Suburbanisation Factors:
Rise in disposable incomes
Automobile
Resisting annexation which lead to incorporation
Huge demand for housing
Public policies promoting
Home Ownership (Govt Loans)
Highway Construction (Interstate System)

34. Housing cooperatives offer property for rent or ownership that is often owned by the cooperative and controlled equally by all residents

36. Exurbanisation Factors
Deconsentration of employment & creation of office parks & manufacturing parks
Anti-urban location preference (larger home lots)
Policies favoring ring development instead of urban revitalization

39. Counterurbanisation Factors
Decentralisation of manufacturing
Growth of service sector
Early retirement & large retirement $$$
Pursuit of leisure activities
“Modernization” of rural life
Long distance commuting
Anti-urban feelings
Completion of interstate
Growth of energy & extractive industries

42. Reurbanisation Factor
Shift in urban economy from manufacturing to service
Growth in sunbelt cities
High tech growth
Immigration filling inner city areas
Re-focus on urban living
Revitalization of downtowns
Lofts
Sports Arenas
Gentrification of older areas

45. Developing World Urban Land Use Models

46. Developing World Urban Land Use Models
Classical (North American) models of urban structure do not fit cities of Africa, Latin America, or Asia because of colonialism, foreign investment, and social structures
The Third World city’s downtown has both a modern CBD and a traditional market district
It is still very common for wealthy residents to prefer locations near the downtown commercial areas
Recent migrants from rural areas typically cluster at the edges of the urban area in squatter settlements
called favelas in Brazil, kampungs in Indonesia, shantytowns in much of Africa
Suburban nodes and edge cities have not yet developed

47. Latin America 1. Urban Primacy Resulting from rural-to-urban migration
2. Spatial Polarization
The wealthy live in walled-off, gated communities, mainly near the city center and in attractive wedges or corridors of suburbanization
The poor live in slums and squatter settlements
3. Uneven or dual economies
A large informal sector

48. What are some of the different cultural influences seen in this urban form?

49. Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models
Are there any similarities between this model and the Western models? Dissimilarities?

50. African Cities
Colonial urbanization is seen most frequently in port cities used to export resources
From mines, forests, or plantations
Colonial cities were (and are) highly segregated
Western residential areas are distinct from indigenous (or local or native) residential areas

51. Types of African Cities
Indigenous City
Islamic City
Colonial City
European City
Dual City
Hybrid City
Apartheid City

52. Apartheid City

53. Islamic City
City center has both mosque and souk/soq (market or bazaar)
Neighborhoods are stable
Few people move in or out
No gentrification
Genders are separated
Separate male and female spaces

54. What are the cultural influences seen in Accra’s urban form?

55. Southeast Asian Cities
More than one CBD, each with its own commercial activity
Colonial CBD
Chinese CBD
Often an Indian CBD
Elite corridor towards the airport
Residential zones are haphazrd
The urban fringe has squatter settlements as well as new suburbs and new towns
Many gated communities

56. Colonial Based South Asia City
Generally based upon a port (trade and military)
Fort and open space used for protection & recreation (cricket)
Native area overcrowded and unsanitary
CBD supported Europeans while bazaar supported natives

57. Bazaar-based South Asian City
Older than colonial based cities
Trade based origin focused on bazaar and crossroads
Concentric in origin
Segregation based upon:
Religion
Language
Caste

58. How well does Jakarta match the Model of the South-East Asian City?