1. Chapter 12 Religion, Romanticism, And Reform 1800-1860 © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

2. Changes in Religion Deism: Divine Creation, but not direct control; valued science and reason or tradition and faith (all men are equal) Unitarians: Jesus was not God, humans are good by nature Universalists: Salvation available to everyone, God is too merciful punish man

3. The Second Great Awakening Frontier Revivals Circuit Riders Itinerate Preachers Baptists and Methodists © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

4. Second Great Awakening: Methodists Methodism came over to America after successfully transforming Great Britain in the late 1700s John & Charles Wesley began reform movement within the Anglican Church – later became Methodist Episcopal Church Peter Cartwright was leading circuit rider preached salvation as a free gift to all Set up Sunday Schools & bible studies Francis Asbury John Wesley

5. The Spread of Methodism

6. Methodist Camp Meeting

7. Challenging Race & Gender Conventions Initially preached racial & gender equality Women & blacks allowed to preach Later backed off due to concern for respectability Richard Allen founded Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church (A.M.E.) Richard Allen Mother Bethel AME Church

8. AME Revival Meeting

9. Revival Preaching

10. Congregationalists & Presbyterians Presbyterians & Congregationalists adopted methods by 1830s-40s, bringing revival to Northeast Lyman Beecher traveled around preaching conversion Charles G. Finney developed system for revival, deliberately playing on emotions Converted 100,000 people in Rochester, NY in 1839 James Granderson Finney

11. The Mormons Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) Joseph Smith, Jr. saw angel Moroni & found in gold tablets in 1823 Book of Mormon published in 1830 Established utopian communities: Kirtland, OH 1831-38 Nauvoo, IL 1839-45 Hierarchical, male-dominated church Polygamy encouraged Smith killed by mob in Nauvoo, Illinois in 1844 Brigham Young led migration to Deseret (Utah) in 1846-48 Joseph Smith, Jr. Brigham Young

12. Reconstructed Temple Nauvoo, Illinois

13. Mormon Temple Salt Lake City, Utah

14. Romanticism in America Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau

15. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

16. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)

17. An American Literature Emily Dickins Walt Whitman

18. B. A new national culture emerged that combined American elements, European influences, and regional cultural sensibilities. Transcendental writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau James Audubon Noah Webster’s American Dictionary of the English Language (1828) American Literary Greats (Emily Dickinson, Walt Whitman, etc.) II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own.

19. C. Liberal social ideas from abroad and Romantic beliefs in human perfectibility influenced literature, art, philosophy, and architecture. Romanticism Transcendentalism Federal style of architecture Thomas Jefferson’s rotunda

20. The Reform Impulse Temperance Prisons and Asylums

21. Antebellum Reform Movements: Temperance Temperance movement combated widespread evils of alcholism American Temperance Society & Washington Temperance Society led voluntary individual reform efforts Parades featured water wagons Teetotalers pledged total abstinence Per capita consumption drastically reduced by 1850 Neal Dow got 13 states to pass “Maine laws,” 1851-55 Prohibited manufacture & sale of intoxicating liquor Did not apply to beer, wine or cider

22. Women’s Rights © 2015 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

23. Antebellum Reform Movements: Women’s Rights Women’s Rights movement grew out of other reform movements Many, like Susan B. Anthony, were Quakers Elizabeth Cady Stanton began as temperance advocate & abolitionist Seneca Falls Convention (1848) issued Women’s Declaration of Independence

24. Antebellum Reform Movements: Penitentiaries & Asylums Criminals, poor, etc. seen as result of societal failure Penitentiaries designed to remove criminals from corrupting influences & provide discipline through labor Auburn (1819-23) Ossining (1825) Asylums isolated patients from outside influences in order to cure them Mental illness viewed as result of stress Asylums were utopias Dorothea Dix

25. Public Schooling Becomes mandatory

26. Utopian Communities Shakers United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Appearing (Shakers) started in England in 1747 Mother Ann Lee Stanley claimed to be 2 nd, female incarnation of Jesus Christ Came to America with 8 disciples in 1774 Established 19 communities between 1783-1836 4,000 – 5,000 members at peak Lived communally & practiced celibacy Danced & experienced ecstasies in worship Embraced modern technology

27. Shaker Dance

28. Round Barn (1826) Hancock Shaker Village

29. Mill Powered by Water Turbine Hancock Shaker Village

30. Weave Shop Hancock Shaker Village

31. Elders’ Bedroom Hancock Shaker Village

32. Oneida Community Oneida Community founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 Noyes had been converted by Finney, but became an antinomian “Complex marriage” came to be eugenic breeding program Noyes fled to Canada in 1879 to avoid adultery charge Community became a joint- stock company in 1881 John Humphrey Noyes Oneida Community Mansion

33. II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. A. The rise of democratic and individualistic beliefs, a response to rationalism, and changes to society caused by the market revolution, along with greater social and geographical mobility, contributed to a Second Great Awakening among Protestants that influenced moral and social reforms and inspired utopian and other religious movements. Charles Finney Seneca Falls Convention (1848) Utopian communities (Brook Farm, Shakers, Mormons, Oneida) American Temperance Society Dorothea Dix and prison reform Horace Mann and education reform

34. The Anti-Slavery Movement From Gradualism to Abolitionism

35. Antebellum Reform Movements: Abolition American Colonization Society (1817) favored gradual, compensated manumission & “returning” freed blacks to Africa Liberia founded in 1821 6,000 immigrants, 1817-67 American Antislavery Society (1833) demanded immediate, uncompensated emancipation & black citizenship William Lloyd Garrison began publishing The Liberator in 1831 Frederick Douglass was escaped slave who became eloquent spokesman William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass

36. A Split in the Movement Black Anti-Slavery Activity Underground Railroad

39. Reactions to Abolition The Defense of Slavery

40. II. While Americans embraced a new national culture, various groups developed distinctive cultures of their own. D.Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. Surrogate families Covert resistance (work slowdowns, sabotage, and runaways) Spirituals Richard Allen’ African Methodist Episcopal Church (1816) American Colonization Society (1816) David Walker’s Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World (1829)

41. D.Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. William Lloyd Garrison’s “immediate and uncompensated” emancipation American Anti-slavery Society (1833) Garrison’s Liberator (1831) Underground Railroad Sojourner Truth Frederick Douglass’ North Star (1847) Liberty Party (1840)

42. III. Increasing numbers of Americans, many inspired by new religious and intellectual movements, worked primarily outside of government institutions to advance their ideals. A. Americans formed new voluntary organizations that aimed to change individual behaviors and improve society through temperance and other reform efforts. American Temperance Society American Anti-slavery Society Seneca Falls Convention and the Declaration of Sentiments Oberlin College

43. B. Abolitionist and antislavery movements gradually achieved emancipation in the North, contributing to the growth of the free African American population, even as many state governments restricted African Americans’ rights. Antislavery efforts in the South were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions. American Colonization Society William Lloyd Garrison’s “immediate and uncompensated” emancipation Gradual emancipation Denmark Vesey’s rebellion Nat Turner’s rebellion

44. C. A women’s rights movement sought to create greater equality and opportunities for women, expressing its ideals at the Seneca Falls Convention. Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton