1. MAKING HORMONES, GAMETES AND LITTLE BABIES REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. THE CIRCLE OF LIFE zygoteembryo male embryo female embryo male fetus female fetus Immature female Immature male Mature male Mature female Mature sperm Mature ovum Birth Gameteogenesis Puberty Conception Gender

3. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproductive system = gonads + tubes Male gonad = testes Testes make gametes (sperm) Testes make hormones to regulate sperm production Tubes provide pathway for sperm to get out

4. SPERMATOGENESIS o Male gametogenesis = process to produce sperm (male gametes) o Normal adult male = 400 million sperm/day o Sperm produced in seminiferous tubules in the testes o Testosterone is made by interstitial cells in the testes

5. SPERMATOGENESIS  Spermatogenesis = meiosis  Process starts with spermatogonium in outside of tubule wall  Mitosis results in two spermatogonium, one remains in basement layer  Meiotic divisions occur as developing sperm moves to tubule lumen  Final result is 4 haploid spermatozoa

6. SPERMATOGENESIS  Male gamete = sperm  Sperm are specialized for mobility and among the smallest cells in the human body  Structure  Head contains DNA (in form of 23 chromosomes) and enzymes for penetration of egg  Midpiece contains mitochondria to produce energy for movement (in the form of ATP)  Tail is a flagellum that propels the sperm through the liquid medium of the female reproductive tract

7. SPERMATOGENESIS  Rate of sperm production is controlled by hormones  Brain hormones = GnRH, LH, FSH  Gonad hormones = testosterone + inhibin  Negative feedback is primary control

8. SPERMATOGENESIS + NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Negative Feedback in spermatogenesis Brain hormones stimulate gonad hormones Gonad hormones inhibit brain hormones  brain hormones stimulate  gonad hormones  gonad hormones cause  brain hormones  brain hormones cause  gonad hormones  gonad hormones cause  brain hormones

9. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproductive system = gonads + tubes Female gonad = ovary Ovaries make gametes (ova/egg) Ovaries make hormones to regulate egg production and prepare the uterus for fertilization Tubes provide pathway for sperm to get in and baby to get out

10. OOGENESIS o Female gametogenesis = process to produce female gametes (eggs/ova) o Females normally release 1 egg/28 days in ovary o Cells in developing follicle produce estrogen o Cells in post-ovulation follicle produce progesterone

11. OOGENESIS  Oogenesis = meiosis  Primary oocytes begin meiosis before birth  After puberty, one cell/month continues meiosis  One meiotic division occurs before ovulation, with unequal division of cytoplasm (one big cell/one small cell)  After fertilization, second meiotic division occurs  Final result = 1 viable haploid cell + 3 small polar bodies

12. OOGENESIS Egg develops as part of follicle Follicle = ovum + hormone-producing cells + protective cells Corpus luteum = follicle after ovum is released

13. OOGENESIS  Egg development and uterine development are regulated by hormones  Brain hormones = GnRH, LH, FSH  Ovarian hormones = estrogen + progesterone  Egg and uterine development regulated by negative feedback, ovulation is regulated by positive feedback

14. OOGENESIS + NEGATIVE FEEDBACK Negative Feedback in oogenesis  FSH + LH stimulate  estrogen + progesterone  estrogen + progesterone inhibit  FSH + LH Estrogen – from follicle cells – stimulates egg development + development of uterine lining Progesterone – from corpus luteum – maintains developed uterine lining When progesterone decreases, uterine lining breaks down (menstruation) When fertilization occurs, corpus luteum is maintained, progesterone produced and uterine lining maintained

15. OOGENESIS + ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES  Increasing levels of progesterone decreases production of LH (negative feedback)  Decreased LH prevents ovulation  Artificial increase in progesterone prior to ovulation will prevent ovulation by decreasing LH  Most oral contraceptives (birth control pills) use this strategy