1. What is reform? When has it happened in American history?” What was to be reformed? Who were the reformers? What were their motivations? What were their methods?

2. Who were the progressives?  Never a unified group with one objective  Political response to industrialization, immigration, urbanization, and corporate power.  Native born middle class WASP  Origins in American cities  “Scientific” approach

3. What is liberalism?  Government should be active  Social problems are susceptible to legislation  Money can help solve the problem

5. Characteristics of Progressives  Moralist  Government, once purified, must act  Weakest must be protected  Never challenge capitalism  Moderation and paternalism

6. What were progressive reforms?  Prostitution  Sweat shops  Americanization and restriction of immigrants  Anti-trust  Regulate private utilities  Women’s suffrage  End child labor  Political reform: recall, initiative, referendum, city- manager

7. TR-Taft-Wilson 1901 McKinleys’ Assassination by Czolgosz 1907 Panic and Tennesse Coal & Iron merger States: minimum wage, public assistance, & workingmen’s comp 1902 TR and Northern Securities & trust busting – Anthracite Coal Strike-Newlands Act 1908 White House Conservation Conference- Aldrich-Vreeland Act Taft’s election 1912 Election Taft, Wilson New Freedom-TR Bullmoose Party (Progressive) 1903 Department of Commerce & Labor-Elkins Act-muckrakers begin 1910 Taft’s trust policy- Mann Elkins Act-Postal Savings Bank System-Mann Act-Payne Aldrich Tariff-Ballinger-Pinchot controversy 1913 16 th Amendment- Split commerce & labor depts.-17 th Amendment-Federal Reserve Act 1904 TR’s electionRoosevelt’s “New Nationalism” 1914 Clayton Anti-trust Act corporations and labor- Federal Trade Commission- 1906 Hepburn Act-The Jungle-Pure Food & Drug Act- Meat Inspection Act 1911 National Progressive Republican League-Taft vetoes Arizona’s admission

8. 1901  McKinley shot by Czolgosz on Sept 8 and dies on Sept 14  Teddy Roosevelt becomes 25 th president-youngest ever 42 (birthday Oct 27)

9. 1902  Trust policy: “We do not wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them subserve to the public good.”  The Square Deal and Three C’s  Corporations, Consumer, & Conservation  Northern Securities Case: Stock transactions in violation Sherman Anti Trust Act  Anthracite Coal Strike  Newlands Act

10. 1903  “muckrakers” Roosevelt’s view from Pilgrim’s Progress that writers were so busy looking at filth they never looked up-for TR constructive effort better than exposure  Creation of Department of Commerce and Labor  Elkins Act: Eliminate the rebate and make it a crime to deviate from published rates

11. 1904  TR wins Presidential election

12. 1906  Hepburn Act: Interstate Commerce Commission can fix rates! ICC now oversees oil pipe lines, ferries and bridges  Pure Food and Drug Act  Meat Inspection Act

13. 1907 Panic: Caused by business failures and Knickerbocker Trust Co. TR allows U.S. Steel to acquire Tennessee Iron and Coal with no antitrust action.

14. 1908  White House Conservation Conference  Need for planned protection & development of national resources. Under TR 148 million acres set aside as national forest 80 million acres mineral lands withdrawn from public sale Also 1.5 million acres withdrawn water power sites  National Conservation Commission headed by Gifford Pinchot  Aldrich-Vreeland Act: Bank notes and tax and a call for more elasticity in the currency (see Federal Reserve)  William H. Taft Defeats William J. Bryan (D) and Eugene Debs (Socialist)

15. 1909  Payne-Aldrich Tariff (38%-a reduction from the Dingley Tariff 57%) and Republican Insurgents- Robert La Follette (Wisc)

16. 1910  Taft’s Trust Policy: TR filed 44 suits Taft filed 90. Standard Oil and American Tobacco Co.  Mann-Elkins Act: Telephone telegraph, cable, and wireless under ICC  Postal Savings Bank System 2% interest  Mann Act (White Slavery Act)  Revolt against Joe Cannon Speaker of the House  Roosevelt-Taft Split: “New Nationalism”  Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy over water power sites in Wyoming and Montana.

17. 1911  1911 National Progressive Republican League & LaFollette  Taft vetoes Arizona’s admission  States: minimum wage, public assistance, & workingmen’s comp

18. 1912 Election: Taft (Republican), Wilson (D)New Freedom-TR Bullmoose Party (Progressive)

19. 1913 16 th Amendment Split commerce & labor depts. 17 th Amendment Federal Reserve Act

20. 1914  Clayton Anti-Trust Act: price discrimination, tying contract to competition, interlocking directorates. Labor- Magna Carta of labor-protect against anti-trust and injunction.  Federal Trade Commission-prevent infair methods, mislabeling and adulteration of products, false claims of patents. Five member board examine practices and require corporate annual reports.