2. Nomadic Economy and Society Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Rainfall in central Asia too little to support large-scale agriculture Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Grazing animals thrive, central Asians turn to animal herding Food Food Clothing Clothing Shelter (yurts) Shelter (yurts) Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Migratory patterns to follow pastureland Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry

3. Nomads in Turkmenistan Modern Mongolian Yurts

4. Nomadic Economy Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Trade links between nomadic and settled peoples Nomads engage in long-distance travel Nomads engage in long-distance travel Caravan routes Caravan routes

5. Nomadic Society Governance basically clan-based Governance basically clan-based Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Charismatic individuals become nobles, occasionally assert authority Unusually fluid status for nobility Unusually fluid status for nobility Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Hereditary, but could be lost through incompetence Advancement for meritorious non-nobles Advancement for meritorious non-nobles

6. Nomadic Religion Shamans center of pagan worship Shamans center of pagan worship Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Appeal of Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Islam, Manichaeism from 6 th century CE Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Turkish script developed, partially to record religious teachings Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence Conversion to Islam in 10 th century due to Abbasid influence

7. Military Organization Large confederations under a khan Large confederations under a khan Authority extended through tribal elders Authority extended through tribal elders Exceptionally strong cavalries Exceptionally strong cavalries Mobility Mobility Speed Speed

8. Turkish empires and their neighbors about 1210 CE

9. Saljuq Turks and the Abbasid Empire 8-10 th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire 8-10 th centuries Turkish peoples on border of Abbasid empire Service in Abbasid armies Service in Abbasid armies Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan 1055 Saljuq leader Tughril Beg recognized as sultan Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire Tughril consolidated his hold on Baghdad, then extended rule to other parts of the empire Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority Abbasid caliphs served as figure heads of authority

10. Saljuq Turks and the Byzantine Empire 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive 1071 Saljuq Turks defeat Byzantine army at Manzikert, take emperor captive Large-scale invasion of Anatolia Large-scale invasion of Anatolia Many conversions to Islam Many conversions to Islam Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople 1453

11. Ghaznavid Turks and the Sultanate of Delhi Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India Mahmud of Ghazni, Afghanistan, invades northern India At first for plunder, later to rule At first for plunder, later to rule Northern India completely dominated by 13 th century Northern India completely dominated by 13 th century Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus Persecution of Buddhists, Hindus

12. Mongolian Steppes

13. Mongol Warriors

14. Mongol Archer

15. Mongol Nobleman, Late 13 c.

16. Robe of a Mongol Nobleman, Early 14 c

17. Chinggis Khan (1167-1227) and the Making of the Mongol Empire Temüjin, b. 1167 Temüjin, b. 1167 Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Father prominent warrior, poisoned c. 1177, forced into poverty Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Mastered steppe diplomacy, elimination of enemies Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler” 1206 proclaimed Chinggis Khan: “Universal Ruler”

18. Genghis Khan 1162 - 1227 Originally named Temujin, the name Genghis Khan was taken by himself, meaning universal ruler. The Reflex Bow, the primary Mongol weapon.

19. Mongol Political Organization Broke up tribal organization Broke up tribal organization Formed military units from men of different tribes Formed military units from men of different tribes Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum Established distinctly non-nomadic capital at Karakorum

20. Mongol Arms Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Mongol population only 1 million (less than 1% of Chinese population) Army c. 100-125,000 Army c. 100-125,000 Strengths: Strengths: Cavalry Cavalry Short bows Short bows Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight Rewarded enemies who surrender, cruel to enemies who fight

21. The Mongols  Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head.  Used cruelty as a weapon  some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction!

22. Mongol Conquests Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of China by 1220 Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler emissaries murdered, following year Chinggis Khan destroys ruler Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions Large-scale, long-term devastation Large-scale, long-term devastation

23. The Mongol Empires about 1300 CE

24. Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294) Grandson of Chinggis Khan Grandson of Chinggis Khan Rule of China Rule of China Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Hosted Marco Polo Hosted Marco Polo Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Established Yuan dynasty (to 1368) Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Unsuccessful forays into Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, Java Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”) Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)

25. Marco Polo 1254-1324  A Venetian merchant  Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295  Sent on many diplomatic missions throughout Kublai’s empire.  Served as governor in China for 3 years  Wrote many novels documenting his travels

26. Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368 Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them No Chinese in top govt. posts No Chinese in top govt. posts Believed foreigners were more trustworthy. Believed foreigners were more trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China.

28. Marco Polo’s Travels

29. Yuan Golden Bowl, 13 c

30. Yuan Porcelains & Ceramics

31. The Golden Horde While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were tolerant rulers. While fierce, often brutal warriors, they were tolerant rulers. Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Russian rulers. Absolute rule of the Mongols influenced later Russian rulers. Mongol rule isolated Russia from advancements in art & science of the Renaissance. Mongol rule isolated Russia from advancements in art & science of the Renaissance.

32. The Golden Horde The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern European territories between 1237 and 1241. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Batu Khan, led Mongol armies into Russia and other eastern European territories between 1237 and 1241. Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this region for 240 years. Known as the Golden Horde, they ruled this region for 240 years. Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 Conquest of Russia, 1237-1241 Established tributary relationship to 15 th century Established tributary relationship to 15 th century Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Rule over Crimea to late 18 th century Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany Raids into Poland, Hungary, Germany

33. The Ilkhanate of Persia Abbasid empire toppled Abbasid empire toppled Baghdad sacked, 1258 Baghdad sacked, 1258 200,000 massacred 200,000 massacred Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces Expansion into Syria checked by Egyptian forces

34. Mongol Rule in Persia Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies Nomadic conquerors had to learn to rule sedentary societies Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Inexperienced, Lost control of most lands within a century Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Persia: dependence on existing administration to deliver tax revenues Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Left matters of governance to bureaucracy Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle Eventually assimilated into Islamic lifestyle

35. Mongol Rule in China Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Strove to maintain strict separation from Chinese Intermarriage forbidden Intermarriage forbidden Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Imported administrators from other areas (esp. Arabs, Persians) Yet tolerated religious freedoms Yet tolerated religious freedoms

36. The Mongols and Buddhism Shamanism remains popular Shamanism remains popular Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols Lamaist school of Buddhism (Tibet) gains strength among Mongols Large element of magic, similar to shamanism Large element of magic, similar to shamanism Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha Ingratiating attitude to Mongols: khans as incarnations of Buddha

37. The Mongols and Western Integration Experience with long-distance trade Experience with long-distance trade Protection of traveling merchants Protection of traveling merchants Volume of trade across central Asia increases Volume of trade across central Asia increases Diplomatic missions protected Diplomatic missions protected Missionary activity increases Missionary activity increases Mongol resettlement policies Mongol resettlement policies

38. Decline of the Mongol Empire in Persia Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Overspending, poor tax returns from overburdened peasantry Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s Ilkhan attempts to replace precious metal currency with paper in 1290s Failure, forced to rescind Failure, forced to rescind Factional fighting Factional fighting Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses Last Ilkhan dies without heir in 1335, Mongol rule collapses

39. Decline of the Yuan Dynasty in China Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Mongols spend bullion that supported paper currency Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise Public loses confidence in paper money, prices rise From 1320s, major power struggles From 1320s, major power struggles Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s Bubonic plague spreads 1330-1340s 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion 1368 Mongols flee peasant rebellion

40. Surviving Mongol Khanates Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia Continued threat to China Continued threat to China Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century Golden Horde in Caucasus and steppes to mid- 16 th century Continued threat to Russia Continued threat to Russia

41. Tamerlane the Conquerer (c. 1336-1405) Turkish conqueror Timur Turkish conqueror Timur Timur the Lame: Tamerlane Timur the Lame: Tamerlane United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai United Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai His descendants later established the Mughal Empire in India. His descendants later established the Mughal Empire in India. Major military campaigns Major military campaigns Built capital in Samarkand Built capital in Samarkand

42. Tamerlane’s Empire about 1405 CE (Timurid Dynasty)

43. Tamerlane’s Heirs Poor organization of governing structure Poor organization of governing structure Power struggles divide empire into four Power struggles divide empire into four Yet heavily influenced several empires: Yet heavily influenced several empires: Mughal Mughal Safavid Safavid Ottoman Ottoman

44. The Rise of the Ottoman Empire The Ottomans were a nomadic Turkish speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor in the 14th c. At the height of its power it spanned three continents, controlling much of Southeastern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The empire was at the center of interactions between the Eastern and Western worlds for six centuries.

45. The Ottoman Empire Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Osman, charismatic leader who dominates part of Anatolia Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Declares independence from Saljuq sultan, 1299 Attacks Byzantine empire Attacks Byzantine empire Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans) Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)

46. Osman I (Othman): 1299-1326

47. Ottoman Conquests 1350s conquests in the Balkans 1350s conquests in the Balkans Local support for Ottoman invasion Local support for Ottoman invasion Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Peasants unhappy with fragmented, ineffective Byzantine rule Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in 1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s

48. The Capture of Constantinople, 1453 Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Sultan Mehmed II (“Mehmed the Conqueror”) Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire Renamed city Istanbul, capital of Ottoman empire

49. Mehmet II: 1444-1445; 1451- 1481 (“The Conqueror”)

50. The Ottoman Capital -- Istanbul