1. A Review Tense about verb tenses? Come on in and relax!

2. Past Tense Time Frame: the Four Tenses 1. Simple past He worked. 2. Past progressive He was working. 3. Past perfect He had worked. 4. Past perfect progressive He had been working. GRAMMAR

3. work - [wɝk] He worked. He was working. He had worked. He had been working. walk - [wɔk] He walked. He was walking. He had walked. He had been walking. Instead of working, let’s walk… How’s your pronunciation? Can I hear a clear difference?

4. The normal tense for recounting past events or for telling a story. “That morning, I decided to go for a walk.”

5. Sets the scene (tells the background actions) for the story: “It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining. The birds were singing.”

6. Present Time Frame Past Time Frame Often preferable in the past time frame if the present progressive is necessary in the present time frame. DESCRIBE THE PICTURE: Correct this sentence: When my boyfriend came to pick me up at the train station, he hid something behind his back. He is hiding a bouquet of roses behind his back. (When the picture was taken), he was hiding a bouquet of roses behind his back. When my boyfriend came to pick me up at the train station, he was hiding something behind his back.

7.  Used for an action that has already been completed at the time of your story. Used to back up and tell about an earlier event. “That morning [TIME FRAME OF THE STORY], I felt like singing. The night before [EARLIER TIME], I had accepted my boyfriend’s marriage proposal.”

8. TIME FRAME OF THE STORY: That morning That morning, I felt like singing. EARLIER TIME: The night before The night before, I had accepted my boyfriend’s marriage proposal.

9. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE IS NOT NORMALLY USED TO TELL A LONG STORY. RESET THE TIME FRAME IF NECESSARY: We had been dating since our freshman year of college. Our first meeting had been memorable. We had literally bumped into each other. One afternoon on the way to art class, I was chatting to my friends and wasn’t looking where I was going… TIME FRAME OF THE STORY: The morning after he proposed [Earlier events in past perfect tense] TIME FRAME RESET : First meeting, freshman year of college [Return to past and past progressive]

10.  Also used in the past time frame where present perfect would be used in the present time frame (for instance, to emphasize an accomplishment, to talk about how long, how many times, etc.) “I was proud of my achievements. I had been awarded the prize for best language student…” “At that time, I had been living in Taiwan for ten years.” “At that time, I had only been to Kenting once.

11. Used after words like “discovered,” “noticed,” “found out’’: (indicates that the action in the following clause had been completed when it was discovered, noticed, etc. ) I discovered that someone had left the door open. He found out that the company had already hired someone for the position he wanted.

12. Past Perfect: For repeated or completed actions Repeated + “It had snowed several times that January.” Completed + “I had talked to my aunt earlier that day.” Past Perfect Continuous: For continuous or uncompleted actions Continuous + “It had been snowing for three hours.” Uncompleted + “I had been talking to my aunt when the phone rang.”

13. Marker Words for the Past Tense two minutes ago a thousand years ago last year last Saturday when I was a child when I met you Marker Words for the Present Perfect Tense (These time periods all start in the past BUT CONTINUE TO THE PRESENT) for the past two minutes in the past thousand years over the last year since last Saturday ever since I was a child since I met you with

14. 自自從 since 從從 ( 某時候 ) 起 PATTERN: Since S + PAST TENSE VERB, S + PRESENT PERFECT VERB 自從她丈夫去世後, 她老了許多。 Since her husband passed away, she has aged a lot.

15. 那時 … 已經 那時比賽已經結束了。 The game had already ended by then. (ACTION verb) The game was already over by then. (BE verb )

16. Begin to tell a story that takes place in this setting:

17. THE STORY BEGINS: Dark clouds were gathering above the orchard and dried leaves were swirling down the valley. The scent of rain was in the air...

18. Dark clouds were gathering above the orchard and dried leaves were swirling down the valley. The scent of rain was in the air. A few minutes earlier, a gust a wind had whisked a red balloon from Cotter’s hand, but he had not turned to watch it sail upward. Instead, he trudged forward with no particular goal, lost in his thoughts. THE STORY CONTINUES—CAN YOU EXPLAIN THE VERB TENSES?

19. 1. 我夢到被怪獸追趕。 I dreamed that a monster was chasing me. 2. 他氣得渾身發抖。 (Use so + Adj. + that …) He was so angry that he was shaking. 3. 他以為他已經解決了這個問題。 He thought he had solved the problem. 4. 當他醒來時, 陽光在窗簾中閃耀。 When he woke up, the sun was already shining through the curtains. 5. 我突然記起我沒有鎖門。 I suddenly remembered I hadn’t locked the door.

20. 6. 當救難人員發現小男孩時，他正睡在洞穴裡。 他已經八天沒有吃任何東西。 When rescuers discovered the boy, he was sleeping in a cave. He hadn’t eaten anything for eight days. 7. 在那時候，我只教了兩年的書而且我並不善 於管教學生。 At that time, I had only been teaching for two years and I wasn’t good at disciplining students.

21. 8. 當我到達咖啡廳時，我的女朋友已經等了一個小時而 且心情非常不好。 When I arrived at the coffee shop, my girlfriend had been waiting for me for an hour and was in a very bad mood. 9. 當我搬到高雄時，捷運系統還沒完成。 When I moved to Kaohsiung, the MRT hadn’t yet been completed/finished. (ACTION Verb) When I moved to Kaohsiung, the MRT still wasn’t complete/finished. (BE Verb) 10. 在 80 年代的早期，我們就只是剛知道愛滋病，科學家 們尚未發現它是如傳播的。 In the 1980s, we had just become aware of AIDS, and scientists had not yet discovered how it was transmitted.

22. 11. 幸好火勢剛起就立即被發現了。 Fortunately, the fire was discovered just after it [had] started. 12. 當我終於抵達學校時，我發現表演在沒有我 的情況下已經開始了。 When I arrived at school, I discovered that the performance had begun without me. 13. 你昨天打電話給我的時候，我剛好跟父母起 了一些爭。 Last night, when you called me, I had just gotten into an argument with my parents.