1. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Historical Research Chapter Twenty-Two

2. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Historical Research Chapter Twenty-Two

3. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Historical Research? The systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and understand actions or events that occurred sometime in the past. The systematic collection and evaluation of data to describe, explain, and understand actions or events that occurred sometime in the past. There is no manipulation or control of variables as in experimental research. There is no manipulation or control of variables as in experimental research. An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened during a certain period of time as completely and accurately as possible. An attempt is made to reconstruct what happened during a certain period of time as completely and accurately as possible.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Purposes of Historical Research To make people aware of what has happened in the past in order to: To make people aware of what has happened in the past in order to: Learn from past failures and successes Learn from past failures and successes Apply them to present-day problems Apply them to present-day problems Make predictions Make predictions Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends Test hypotheses concerning relationships or trends Understand present educational practices and policies more fully Understand present educational practices and policies more fully

5. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Steps Involved in Historical Research Defining the Problem Defining the Problem Locating relevant sources Locating relevant sources Documents Documents Numerical records Numerical records Oral statements Oral statements Relics Relics Summarizing information obtained from historical sources Summarizing information obtained from historical sources Evaluation of historical sources Evaluation of historical sources Internal criticism Internal criticism External criticism External criticism

6. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What Really Happened? (Fig. 22.1)

7. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Categories of Sources Documents are written or printed materials that have been produced in some form or another. Numerical records can be considered as a separate type of source in and of themselves or as a subcategory of documents. Oral Statements are stories or other forms of oral expression that leave a record for future generations. Relics are any objects whose physical or visual characteristics can provide some information about the past.

8. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Primary vs. Secondary Sources A primary source is one prepared by an individual who was a participant in or a direct witness to the event being described. A secondary source is a document prepared by an individual who was not a direct witness to an event, but who obtained a description of the event from someone else.

9. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Data Analysis in Historical Research Historical researchers use the following methods to make sense out of large amounts of data: Historical researchers use the following methods to make sense out of large amounts of data: Theoretical model leading to a content analysis Theoretical model leading to a content analysis Use of patterns or themes Use of patterns or themes Coding system Coding system Quantitative data to validate interpretations Quantitative data to validate interpretations

10. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Advantages and Disadvantages of Historical Research Advantages Advantages Permits investigation of topics and questions that can be studied in no other fashion Can make use of more categories of evidence than most other methods (with the exception of case studies and ethnographic studies) Disadvantages Disadvantages Cannot control for threats to internal validity Limitations are imposed due to the content analysis Researchers cannot ensure representation of the sample

11. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Historical Research is Not as Easy as You Think (Fig. 22.2)