1. 1890 1914

2. Early Civilizations Early Man Early hominids: 2,000,000 years ago 10,000 civilizations began to develop Economy Farming Trade: Romans, Arabia, & India Prospered because of iron & gold supplies Society Village community: center of life Women subordinate to men, different roles Slavery practiced Religion Christianity became official religion in 324 A.D. Faced conflict with Muslims starting in 12 th c. Culture Early African arts served religious purposes African music & dance had significant & lasting influence Oral tradition

3. Berlin Conference 1884  New European drawn boundaries took little stock of tribes & laid the framework for more than a century of fighting.  European drawn boundaries combined peoples of differing ethnic groups, religions, culture  Issues of Conflict as a Result: Grazing rights  water rights  land rights  access to political power, education, & jobs

4. 1890 1914

5. Africa Culture Regions Today… Does it match current country borders?

6.  1948-1994: Apartheid (legal segregation) enforced by the white/British (Afrikaner) gov’t in South Africa Apartheid in South Africa

7. Nelson Mandela jailed for 27 years in his fight against apartheid…

8. Lived to vote in the first racially democratic election….1994

9. And become president of South Africa… South African President Nelson Mandela, center, flanked by his two deputy presidents, Thabo Mbeki, left and F.W. de Klerk, right, celebrate the new constitution, May 8, 1996.

10. South Africa post-Apartheid  Apartheid has ended but inequalities remain.  Whites enjoy a standard of living similar to that of the most developed countries.  Unemployment, AIDS, lack of housing, poverty and crime are the major problems today.

11. Nigeria’s Oil Industry  Oil found here in 1950’s  Government corruption, civil war  Oil $$ goes to the gov’t, not the infrastructure or the people of the country.  Nigerian regulations are weak – foreign-owned oil companies self- regulate.  Criticized for not protecting the various ethnic groups/tribes & the wildlife.  Oil spills common

12. Republic of South Sudan http://video.nytimes.com/video /2011/01/15/world/africa/1 248069566895/southern- sudan-s-referendum.html  Sudan in civil war since 1965.  South became independent: July 9, 2011 (last summer!)  Conflicts still exist  Contested boundary lines (Abyei – see video link)  S. Sudan gained billions of dollars worth of oil

13. Rwanda Hutu-Tutsi Genocide  Belgian colonists favored Tutsi tribe. Divided into tribes based on looks.  Tutsi believed to be of European descent (lighter skin, taller, larger skulls)  Tutsi hold key jobs, Hutu treated poorly  Belgians left Rwanda in 1961; Hutu fought back for the years of Belgian/Tutsi repression.  April 1994 - July 1994 Hutu killed Tutsi  Goal: Eliminate all of the Tutsi (genocide) – Seen as a Civil War by the world, nothing was done to stop the Hutu  100 days – Over 1 million people dead/ 20% of the country’s population (men, women, children)