2. Cell Chemistry

3. Life depends on Chemistry What does this mean?????

4. The Nature of Matter What is the basic unit of matter? Atoms! Elements are made of like atoms. Compounds are formed when two or more elements combine. Compound are held together by bonds.

5. What is in our body????

7. Reactants and Products  A chemical reaction is the process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are reorganized into different substances. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chemistry in Biology Chemical reaction Physical reaction Chapter 6

8. Chemical Equations Chemistry in Biology  Chemical formulas describe the substances in the reaction and arrows indicate the process of change.  Reactants - starting substances  Products - substances formed during the reaction 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

9.  Glucose and oxygen react to form carbon dioxide and water. Chemistry in Biology 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

10. Chemistry in Biology Balanced Equations 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

11.  Amazing chemical reactions Amazing chemical reactions

12. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds so they involve changes of energy Some reactions release energy and others absorb energy. Reactions that involve release energy are often spontaneous Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy

13. Remember matter and energy is conserved All living things require energy to carry out chemical reactions.

14. Chemistry in Biology  The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Energy of Reactions 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

15. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is exothermic and released heat energy.  The energy of the product is lower than the energy of the reactants. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

16. Chemistry in Biology  This reaction is endothermic and absorbed heat energy.  The energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

17. Chemistry in Biology  A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction.  Enzymes are an example of a biological catalysts Enzymes 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

18. Chemistry in Biology  The reactants that bind to the enzyme are called substrates.  The specific location where a substrate binds on an enzyme is called the active site. 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6

19. Chemistry in Biology  Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity (rate) 6.2 Chemical Reactions Chapter 6  The active site changes shape and forms the enzyme-substrate complex

20.  Enzyme Enzyme  * enzymeenzyme

21. 6-3 Objectives  Describe the importance of water to living systems  Compare the properties of acids and bases and their role in living systems

22. Chemistry in Biology  Substances that release hydrogen ions (H + ) when dissolved in water are called acids.  Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH – ) when dissolved in water are called bases. Acids and Bases 6.3 Water and Solutions Chapter 6

23. Chemistry in Biology  The measure of concentration of H + in a solution is called pH.  Acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7.  Basic solutions have pH values higher than 7. pH and Buffers 6.3 Water and Solutions Chapter 6

24. Chemistry in Biology  Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. 6.3 Water and Solutions Chapter 6

26. Organic Chemistry  The element carbon is a component of almost all biological molecules. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chemistry in Biology Chapter 6

27.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJ7xOSCEmZw/

28. Macromolecules Chemistry in Biology  large molecules formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.  Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

29. Chemistry in Biology Carbohydrates  Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom (1:2:1) 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

30. Chemistry in Biology 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6  Monomer or base unit for sugar are monosaccharides.  Glucose  Fructose  galactose

31.  Disaccharide- Two monosaccharides  Sucrose  lactose

32.  Functions  Quick ENERGY  Energy STORAGE in PLANTS  Energy STORAGE in ANIMALS  Structural compounds for SUPPORT

33.  Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrates  Cellulose  Chitin  glycogen

34. Chemistry in Biology Lipids  Molecules made mostly of carbon and hydrogen (a lot of!) Glycerol + 3 fatty acids (Monomer) 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6  Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.

36.  Functions of Lipids  Long term energy storage  Insulation  Sex hormones  Essential component of cell membranes  steroids

37.  Examples of lipids:  Waxes  Oils  Fats  Steroids

39. Chemistry in Biology Proteins  A compound made of small carbon compounds called amino acids (monomer) Held together with peptide bonds  small compounds that are made of C, N, O, and sometimes S.  Only 20 amino acids in the world  Large proteins are called polypeptides 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

41.  hemoglobin

42.  Functions of Proteins  Support  Movement  Transport  Defense (immune sys)  Metabolic processes  Coordination and control

43.  Examples:  Hair  Blood  Collagen  Enzymes  Antibodies  Muscles  Meats  Also some veggies: soy beans, peanuts

45. Chemistry in Biology  Nucleic acids  are complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.  Nucleic acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides (monomer), composed of N, O, H, P, and H atoms. 6.4 The Building Blocks of Life Chapter 6

46.  Examples of nucleic acids  DNA, RNA, ATP  Function  Carry genetic information  ATP: Energy molecule