1. Motivation & Emotion AP Psychology

2. What is Motivation? Why did you take Psychology? – To figure out why people do what they do??? Motivation – – An internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal.

3. Instinct Theory of Motivation Instinct – – Innate tendencies that determine behavior – Today called, fixed action pattern Some suggest humans have instincts: cleanliness, curiosity, parental love, sociability & sympathy.

4. Drive-Reduction Theory Need – – A biological or psychological requirement of an organism. – Derives from a lack of something useful Drive – – A state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal – A need produces a drive

5. 1. Drive-Reduction Theory A need will drive an organism to random activity. If behavior reduces need and moves body to homeostasis (balanced state), habit will form. Drive Reduction Man! What is the limitation of this theory???

13. 2. Arousal Theory We seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal. Each of us has a different need for arousal and we are motivated by activities that will help us achieve this level.

14. 3. Opponent-process theory of motivation People are generally at a baseline state. When aroused we are moved from that baseline. We will feel an opponent process – a motivation to return to our baseline. Baseline may move! – Example: smoking or using a drug

15. 4. Incentive Theory Incentive – – An external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior. Drives push & incentives pull… Hunger & Sandwich We learn to associate some stimuli with rewards and others with punishment – we are motivated to seek the rewards. Example - Study

16. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Abraham Maslow – Humanist Not all needs created equal Hierarchy of needs

17. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 5. Self Actualization – to live into one’s special purpose in life. 4. Esteem Needs – to achieve and to gain approval and recognition. 3. Belongingness and love needs - to be accepted and belong. 2. Safety needs - to feel safe, secure, and out of danger. 1. Physiological needs - to satisfy drives for hunger, thirst & sex.

18. Hunger: Experiment in World War II camp – Page 473 – What were the effects on humans?

19. Hunger Motivation Why do we become hungry? Some don’t eat when hungry and some eat when body satisfied. Hypothalamus – monitors glucose to insulin – Lateral hypothalamus – (hunger center) stimulated causes animal to eat. Destroyed – causes animal to starve. – Ventromedial hypothalamus – (satiety center) Stimulation – animal stops eating Destroyed – causes animal to eat out of control – Set Point

20. Biological Factors of Hunger Set Point – the point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. Basal metabolic rate – the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

21. Psychological Factors of Hunger When to eat is part of memory Cultural

22. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa

23. Sexual Motivation Sex is: – vital for continuation of species – both biological & psychological – Masters & Johnson – Sexual Response Cycle: Initial excitement – genital areas engorged w/ blood Plateau phase – respiration & heart rate elevate Orgasm – genital contractions Resolution – return to normal state – refractory state for males

24. Adolescent Sexuality 1. Ignorance 2. Guilt related to sexual activity 3. Minimal communication about birth control 4. Alcohol use 5. Mass media norms of promiscuity 1. High Intelligence 2. Religiosity 3. Father presence 4. Participation in service learning programs

25. Homosexuality Greatest issue Nature or Nurture? NOT related to – traumatic childhood experiences – parenting styles – quality of relationships with parents – masculinity or femininity – raised by heterosexual or homosexual parents – Nurture causes very illusive… Biological – Page 491

26. Quiz – Reading – Pages 481-493 The major debate over homosexuality is whether orientation is a matter of NURTURE or NATURE. Write a paragraph based on the reading that would give two specific ways that orientation is NURTURE and two ways that support the idea that orientation is a matter of NATURE.

27. Extrinsic & Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivators - rewards for accomplishments outside ourselves – grades, salary…. Intrinsic motivators - rewards we get internally – enjoyment or satisfaction. – Example: AP Psychology test…

28. Management Theory Research into how managers behave is related to extrinsic/intrinsic motivation Theory X - Employees will work only if rewarded with benefits or threatened with punishment. Theory Y – Employees are internally motivated to do good work - Policies should encourage this internal motive.

29. When motives conflict… Psychologist discuss 4 types of motivational conflicts: – Approach-approach conflict – you must choose between two desirable outcomes. Ex. Spend spring break in Colorado or Florida – Avoidance-avoidance conflict – you must choose between two unattractive outcomes Ex. Stay home and clean room or visit relatives you don’t like – Approach-avoidance conflict – one event has attractive and unattractive features Ex. – you are lactose-intolerant – Ice Cream Cone – Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts – You must choose between two or more things, each of which has desirable and undesirable features – Ex. Three different universities

30. Emotion Emotion & motivation are closely related Motivation is wanting to DO a behavior Emotion is how you FEEL about the behavior Central question: From where do emotions come??? 3 Theories – James Lange, Cannon-Bard, Two Factor

31. James Lange Theory William James and Carl Lange We feel emotion because of biological changes due to stress – Big Bad Wolf and Little Red Riding Hood

32. Cannon-Bard Theory Walter Cannon & Philip Bard Biological change and cognitive awareness of the emotional state occur simultaneously Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to our cortex and our autonomic nervous system. Recent studies say they overestimated Thalamus…

33. Check to understand… Imagine that your brain could not sense your heart pounding or your stomach churning. According to each theory, how would this affect your experienced emotions? Cannon Bard – experience of emotions normally – separately & simultaneously with body arousal. James Lang – No emotion b/c must first perceive body arousal.

34. Two-Factor Theory Stanley-Schachter Physical responses and cognitive labels (mental interpretations) combine to cause any particular emotional response. Pre-aroused people experience more intense emotions than those not aroused w/same stimuli. Emotion depends on the interpretation between two factors – biology and cognition.

35. Draw a flow chart of the three theories of emotion… LOOK AT PAGE 515!

36. Non-Verbal Expressions of Emotion Facial Expressions – Tend to be innate and universal

37. Number a sheet of paper 1-6…

39. Answers… anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.

40. Stress Stress & emotion are intimately connected. Stressors – Certain life events Stress – our reaction to these events. Thomas Holmes & Richard Rahe designed an instrument to measure stress SRRS - social readjustment rating scale measures stress using life-change units (LCUs) pleasant or unpleasant LCUs counted the same.

41. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) describes the general response animals (humans) have to stressful events. 3 Stages… – Alarm Reaction – Heart rate increases, blood is diverted to muscles to react - sympathetic nervous system – Resistance - body remains physiologically ready, hormones released to maintain state of readiness – Exhaustion - Parasympathetic nervous system returns our physiological state to normal.

42. Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Seyle’s model explains problems associated with extended periods of stress. Contribute to both: – physical disease (ulcers & heart conditions) – emotional difficulties – depression The body can remain ready for a challenge only so long before resources are depleted and we become vulnerable to disease/depression.