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Important Announcements: 2 (not including today) class periods until SOL – Monday May 12 homework- 1) Complete p. 3-4 in your SOL review packet After SOL- Open notes test on Evolution, Classification & Ecology
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Scientific Inquiry22% Biochemistry/Photosynthesis Cell theory, cell types, cell membrane Viruses Cell division, DNA/RNA structure, protein synthesis Biochemical similarities and differences 32% 24% 22% 16% Germ theory Fossil record interpretation Evolution Ecology Diversity of Life Genetics Classification SOL Info -Library Lab (meet here) -Absolutely no bags, cell phones (use your locker, or store in my room)
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Take out you homework SOL review packet
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ECOLOGY: Levels of Organization Ecosystem = Biotic (living) + Abiotic (nonliving) Trees Animals Soil Temperature Water
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What makes up the ecosystem? Abiotic factors Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents, salinity and pH) Biotic factors- Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the environment, including predators, food sources and competitors.
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Abiotic or Biotic?
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Levels of Organization Any living thing Group of organisms of same species in a given area All of the populations in a given area A biological community PLUS all of the abiotic factors
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Levels of Organization
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A collection of interacting populations Biome
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Organism Organism - any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual.
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Population Population -a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter)
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Ecosystem Ecosystem - populations in a community and the abiotic factors with which they interact (ex. marine, terrestrial)
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Biomes - Biomes - broad, geographic regions based on climate. (Desert, tundra, grassland, forest, etc.) These include terrestrial (land) and aquatic (water) biomes.
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Biosphere Biosphere - life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.
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What level of organization? Community
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Organism
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Population
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Community
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Succession Replacement of one community by another Primary Succession (begins on bare rock) Secondary Succession (begins on existing soil) Deforestation Forest fire
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We will see something like this…. After something like this….
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Pioneer Species – first organisms to appear / secretes acids to break down rock Climax community – stable, mature community Conifers = evergreen Deciduous = lose leaves
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Ecological Pyramids Producers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers 4 Trophic Levels
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Decomposers Responsible for eliminating dead/dying organisms. Release nutrients into the soil. Examples: bacteria, fungi, earthworms, some insects and snails.
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Pg. 52 Producers 4 Trophic Levels 3 Types: 1. Energy – some is lost as heat as you move up trophic levels 2. Numbers – total # of organisms at each trophic level 3. Biomass – total mass of living matter at each trophic level All 3 decrease as you move up the pyramid
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Energy Pyramids 30
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Food Chain / Webs 1. What do the arrows show? The flow of energy
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Food Chain / Webs 2. Circle the omnivore (eats plant and animals) blue 3. Circle the three producers green. 4. Circle an herbivore yellow (eats plants only) 5. Circle a carnivore (eats meat only) red.
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Food chainFood web (just 1 path of energy) (all possible energy paths)
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Check point: Name the producers? Name the 1 o & 2 o consumers? Check point: Name the producers? Name the 1 o & 2 o consumers?
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Symbiosis Relationship between 2 organisms = There are 3 types Both organisms benefit Bee = gets food Flower = gets pollinated
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Symbiosis One organism benefits, one is unaffected Small Fish = gets scraps Shark = doesn’t care
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Symbiosis One benefits, one is harmed Flea = gets food and shelter Dog (Host) = weak
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Type of relationship Species harmed Species benefits Species neutral Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Symbiotic Relationships Two organisms involved: harmed, benefits, or neutral?
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Populations J-Curve S-Curve Population without limits Population WITH limits Exponential growth Carrying Capacity
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Exponential growth- J-curve
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Logistic Growth – S-curve Logistic growth occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops following a period of exponential growth
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Carrying capacity is the number of organisms that can be supported by the resources in an ecosystem. What is happening to this population? Point where average growth rate reaches zero
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Human Population Growth What shape curve is this?
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Populations Predator / Prey Population Graph 1.Plenty of Prey Available 2.Predator population increases 3.The larger predator population takes more prey 4.Prey population then declines 5.With fewer prey, the predator population declines
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Cycles in Nature Water Cycle Evaporation Condensation Precipitation Transpiration “loss of water vapor through leaves of plants”
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Cycles in Nature Nitrogen Cycle Returns nitrogen back into the air Changes Nitrogen gas into a compound that can be used by living things
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Biomes –Large area with similar _____________, ________________, and ___________________ A.Aquatic Biomes 1. __________________________ 2. __________________________ 3. _________________________ - mixture of salt and freshwater. Example: _____________ precipitation climate organisms Freshwater Saltwater Estuaries Chesapeake Bay
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B. Land Biomes 1. Taiga (Boreal) Forest – ____________________________________ 2. Temperature Deciduous Forest – ____________________________________ 3. Rainforest – ____________________________________ Coniferous “Cone” Bearing (ex. Pine trees) Trees lose their leaves Ex. Oak High Rain Lots of Biodiversity
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B. Land Biomes 4. Grasslands – ____________________________________ 5. Tundra – ____________________________________ 3. Desert – ____________________________________ Grassesex. Savanna Cold Permafrost “frozen ground” Low Rain
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Virginia Ecology Chesapeake Bay watershed includes the majority of Virginia, it is Virginia’s greatest renewable resource. Virginia State bird – Cardinal Virginia State Flower – Dogwood Tree Climax Community – Deciduous Oak- Hickory (hardwood) forest
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Virginia Ecosystem Chesapeake Bay watershed includes the majority of Virginia, it is Virginia’s greatest renewable resource.
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Virginia state bird Cardinal
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Virginia state flower Dogwood tree
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Climax community of Virginia – Deciduous Oak-Hickory (hardwood) forest
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Microbiology
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Founders 1.Pasteur a. Pasteurization- method to inactivate or kill microorganisms that grow rapidly in milk
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Microbiology 2. Robert Koch a. Proved that a specific microbe caused a specific disease b. Studied anthrax in mice
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Microbiology Germ Theory of Disease 1. Collaboration of scientists to prove that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens that can spread from one organism to another Pg
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Microbiology 2.Pathogens – disease-causing organisms or viruses (bacteria, protists, worms, fungi, viruses) 3.Acceptance of theory has improved health practices and decrease of foodborne illness 4.Development of vaccinations
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The steps of Koch's postulates used to relate a specific microorganism to a specific disease. (a) Microorganisms are observed in a sick animal and (b) cultivated in the lab. (c) The organisms are injected into a healthy animal, and (d) the animal develops the disease. (e) The organisms are observed in the sick animal and (f) reisolated in the lab.
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Viruses
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Intro video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGS hQ
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Viruses 1.NON-LIVING (not made of cells) 2.Structure = 2 parts a. Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) b. Protein Coat (Capsid)
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Virus Parts Nucleic Acid Protein Coat Virus
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Viruses Bacteriophage HIV
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Viruses 3. Can reproduce only inside a living cell, the host cell
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Viruses 4.Viral Reproductive Process a. A virus inserts its genetic material into the host cell. b. The viral genetic material takes control of the host cell and uses it to produce more viruses. c. The newly formed viruses are released from the host cell. Pg
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Attach to Host Cell Insert Nucleic Acid Make New Virus Parts Assembly Release of New Viruses (lyse of host cell)
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Viruses are incredibly small
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Antibiotics vs. Medicine
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Bacteria Living Eliminated through antibiotics Can be viewed through a compound microscope Composed of cells Virus Non-living Eliminated through vaccines Smaller than bacteria cells Composed of DNA and Protein coat
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Compound MicroscopeElectron Microscope Non-Living Nucleic AcidAntibiotics Used Pathogens Common Cold Strep Throat Flu
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Virus SOL Questions 3. Viruses are made up of either DNA or RNA surrounded by a coating of protein. When the two main substances that make up a virus are broken into smaller fragments, these fragments are — F fatty acids and amino acids G amino acids and simple sugars H amino acids and nucleotides J fatty acids and glycerol
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6. An organism that causes infections in plants and animals, but cannot be seen with a light microscope similar to that used in a high school biology course, is most likely a — A virus B bacterium C fungus D protozoan
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7. Which of these could be successfully treated with antibiotics? A Common cold B Influenza C HIV D Strep throat
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8. Which of these could not be a virus?
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9. A certain virus causes a disease of the digestive system. What is the most likely source of this virus? A Air B Soil C Water D Insects
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10. An important difference between viruses and living cells is that viruses — A cannot reproduce outside of cells _ B contain more nuclei than cells C cannot mutate but cells can D need an energy source but cells do not
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14. Which characteristic do viruses possess in common with living cells? A They contain a nucleus and organelles. B They make their own food. C They contain nucleic acids such as DNA or RNA. D They are inactive outside the body of living cells.
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17. What do viruses need to reproduce? A Other viruses B Host organisms C A nutrient medium D An enzyme solution
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