1. Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood Chapter 13: pgs. 481-525 (Infants & Children)

2. Erikson’s Theory: Industry vs. Inferiority (pg 482) _______________ Developing a __________________ ___________________________ Pessimism and _____________ in own ability to do things well; sense of __________ School provides many opportunities (learn about the division of labor, a sense of moral commitment & responsibility) Family environment, teachers, peers, can contribute to negative feelings * positive experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills/tasks

3. Erikson’s Sense of Industry… a positive, but realistic self-concept ________ _________ cooperative participation with peers …combines several developments of middle childhood:

4. Self-Understanding (pg 482) __________ ▫major change takes place between 8-11 years old ▫becomes ____________  social comparisons-judging their own appearance, abilities, & behavior is relation to those of others  emphasize competencies (what they are/are not good at) ▫____________ is vitally important ▫varies from culture to culture  Western parents emphasize independence & self-assertion  Asian parents stress harmonious interdependence __________ ▫structured in a hierarchy of 4 broad self-evaluations:  __________competence (*See Figure 13.1, pg 484)  __________competence  __________appearance

5. Influences on Self-Esteem (pg 485) culture ▫____________ profoundly affect self-esteem  Chinese & Japanese children score lower than U.S. children  African-American children have a slightly higher self-esteem when compared to Caucasian children, perhaps b/c of warm extended families & a stronger sense of ethnic pride (Gray-Little & Hafdahl, 2000) ▫___________________ affect self-esteem  girls feel less confident than boys about their physical appearance & athletic abilities  girls score higher in language arts self-esteem; boys have higher math & science self-esteem (Fredricks & Eccles, 2002)

6. Influences on Self-Esteem…cont’d ________________ ▫authoritative style (warm, positive) of parenting creates good self-esteem ▫controlling parents communicate a sense of inadequacy to their children, resulting in low self-esteem ▫indulgent parenting is associated with unrealistically high self- esteem, which also undermines development

7. Emotional Development (pg 489) pride-motivates children to take on more challenges guilt-prompts them to strive for self-improvement _________ explain emotions by referring to internal states (ex. happy or sad thoughts) have mixed emotions (ex. “I was very happy I got a present, but sad that it wasn’t the exact one I wanted.”) rise in empathy ________ must learn to manage negative emotion that threatens their self-esteem motivated by self-esteem and peer approval emotional self-efficacy (a feeling of being in control of their emotional experiences) _________ (rapid gains)

8. Moral Development (pg 492) increase in appreciation of ___________ ▫no longer say that telling the truth is always good and lying is always bad, but consider the social intentions begin to understand their _____________ and ________________ ▫i.e. hairstyle, friends, leisure activities begin to contemplate _________ & ______ concepts begin to understand ________ & _________ ▫media plays a role in this ________ & __________: development of _______ ▫in-group favoritism-(7-8 yrs old)-prefer their own group ▫out-group favoritism-ethnic minority children assign positive characteristics to the white majority & negative characteristics to their own group (Corenblum, 2003)

9. Peer Relations… (pg. 497) formed from proximity, similarity in sex, ethnicity, academic achievement, popularity, & aggression (Rubin, Bokowski, & Parker, 2006) adopt similar dress and behavior “peer culture” (informal groups) specialized vocabulary, dress code, place to “hang out” formal group ties (scouting, religious youth groups) _________ children like each other’s personal qualities & respond to one another’s needs and desires more selective in choosing friends girls demand greater closeness than boys & are more exclusive in their friendships (Markovits, Benenson, & Dolesky, 2001) tend to select friends similar to themselves in age, sex, race, ethnicity, & SES high-quality friendships remain fairly stable & can last several years _________

10. Peer Relations…cont’d (pg 500) refers to __________-the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of age-mates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner better accepted children tend to have more friends and more positive relationships with them (Landsford et al., 2006) 4 general categories of peer acceptance: _________ children-well liked _________ children-disliked __________ children-both liked and disliked _________ children-seldom mentioned, either positively or negatively powerful predictor of current as well as later psychological adjustment Peer Acceptance

11. Gender Typing (pg 503) Gender Stereotyped Beliefs personality traits-tough, aggressive (masculine); gentle, affectionate (feminine) achievement areas- reading, spelling, art, music=girls; math, athletics, mechanical skills=boys many school-agers take a harsh view of gender violations, such as boys playing w/dolls or wearing girls’ clothing Gender Identity and Behavior boys=strengthen masculine traits girls=feminine traits decline self-evaluations of their own identity=similarity to others, comfortable with own gender, pressure felt to conform to gender roles how children feel about themselves in relation to their gender becomes vitally important

12. Family Influences on Social Development (pg 506) Family Relationships ▫parent-child relationship  gradual control shifts from ______ to ______; parents must learn to guide & monitor from a distance and effectively communicate expectations  parenting becomes _______f or those parents who established an authoritative style in the early years  the amount of time children spend w/their parents________ dramatically  5 th & 6 th graders report their parents are the most _________people in their lives  a strong sense of attachment security to both parents is positively related to school-age children’s _________ & _______________ ▫siblings relationship  sibling rivalry ___________  parents often compare siblings’ traits & accomplishments  rely on each other for companionship, assistance, & emotional support (Seibert & Kerns, 2009)  older siblings help _________ _________

13. Types of Families

14. Family Influences…cont’d (pg 508) Gay/lesbian families ▫research shows children in gay/lesbian families___________ from the children of heterosexuals in mental health, peer relations, and gender identity (Farr, Forssell, & Patterson, 2010) Never-married single-parent families ▫largest group is ___________________________ (64%) ▫generally increases ________ hardships; nearly 50% have a 2 nd child Divorced families ▫family conflict, sharp drop in income, stress, depression, anxiety, disorganized family situation, differing discipline techniques ▫children show improved adjustment by__ yrs after divorce, yet continue to score slightly ______ than children of continuously married parents in academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence, and emotional & behavioral adjustment (Lansford, 2009)

15. Family Influences…cont’d (pg 512) Blended families ▫adaptation is related to the quality of family functioning, which parent forms the new relationship, child’s age/sex, & the complexity of blended family relationships ▫_______ children & _____ seem to have the most difficulty Maternal employment/dual earner families ▫leads _______ to take on greater child-rearing responsibilities ▫when mothers enjoy their work & remain committed to parenting, children show _______ adjustment-higher self- esteem, more positive family & peer relations, less gender- stereotyped beliefs, & better grades in school ▫_____ _______ child care is vital

16. Some Common Problems of Development (pg 517) fears & anxiety ▫dark, thunder & lightening, supernatural beings ▫personal harm (being robbed, stabbed, shot) ▫_____ ______ (war & disasters)-most common source of fears in Western nations ▫academic failure, separation from parents, parents’ health, physical injuries, dying, peer rejection ▫________-unmanageable fears child sexual abuse ▫a serious & widespread problem-_____ cases reported in 2009; greatly underestimates the true amount b/c of non-reports ▫_______ & ____________ are becoming avenues in which adults commit child abuse