1. The Subordinate Clause Fix those fragments! It’s easy.

2. A subordinate clause…. is also called a dependent clause has a subject and a verb begins with a subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun needs additional information to complete the thought is NOT a complete sentence!!!!

3. Subordinate Conjunctions Conjunction = connection Subordinate = below A sentence with a subordinate conjunction has an independent clause and a dependent clause – the two clauses are not equal An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence, dependent cannot

4. List of Subordinate Conjunctions After Although As Because Before Even If in order that Once That while Since Than Though Unless Until When Whether Rather than Whereas So that provided

5. Examples Until Mr. Sanchez has his first cup of coffee ◦ Until = subordinate conjunction ◦ Mr. Sanchez = subject ◦ Has = verb ◦ Then what???? After Amy sneezed all over the tuna salad ◦ After = subordinate conjunction ◦ Amy = subject ◦ Sneezed = verb ◦ Then what???

6. How to Correctly Attach a Subordinate Clause BEGINNING of the sentence, separate with a comma: ◦ SC, IC Even though the broccoli was covered with cheese, Emily refused to eat it. Notice the IC could be its own sentence. END of the sentence, usually no punctuation: ◦ IC SC ◦ Max did poorly on his English test because he was up all night texting his girlfriend. Look! The “because” mystery is solved. This is the reason you don’t use a comma with because!!!!

7. Finish these fragments! Since Jamal is late Once I get angry Rather than do my homework While I eat lunch Although I hate school

8. RAFT *Role – a subordinate conjunction (choose one) *Audience – comma *Format – Dear John letter *Topic – you love comma, but sometimes you just need a break…..comma doesn’t need to be right next to you ALL the time.

9. The Other Subordinate Clause….the Relative Pronoun A relative pronoun relates the clause to the rest of the sentence. ICSC Keith made the playthat won the game. Louisa is the playerwho pitched this inning. I sold my radio, which was very old. What does that, who, and which relate to in the independent clause?

10. List of Relative Pronouns that which whichever who whoever whom whose whosever whomever

11. Is the subordinate clause essential or nonessential? Essential – you must have it to understand the sentence. No comma! Nonessential – the clause does not change the basic meaning of the sentence; it just gives more information. Comma!

12. Essential vs. Nonessential Nick gave a handful of potato chips to the dog who was sniffing around the picnic tables. ◦ “the dog” is a general noun ◦ the relative clause tells us which dog ◦ Essential = no comma Nick gave a handful of potato chips to Button, who was sniffing around the picnic tables. ◦ “Button” is a specific noun ◦ the relative clause tells more about Button ◦ Nonessential = comma

13. Punctuate these sentences…. Our station wagon which lurched into a pothole cracked an axle. The student who needs an A on the final exam is copying Geometry proofs on her bare ankle. Mr. Hall who ordered a double anchovy pizza has three kids. Freddie hopes to return to Cairo where he met a woman with haunting green eyes.

14. More to punctuate… The car that Madeline found advertised in a newspaper ad belches black smoke. The rats are nesting in the closet where Grandma hides her money. The waiter who served the salad did not notice the caterpillar nibbling a lettuce leaf.

15. Write your own!! Write a sentence that begins with the subordinate conjunction “after.” Write a sentence that has the subordinate conjunction “because” after an independent clause. Write a sentence with a nonessential clause using “who.” Write a sentence with an essential clause using “that.”

16. Write your own! Write a sentence that begins with a subordinate clause. Write a sentence that begins with an independent clause followed by a subordinate clause. Write a sentence with a nonessential clause. Write a sentence with an essential clause.