1. 11 Master of Business Administration Module Module Culture & Politics: International Politics A HEARTILY WELCOME! A HEARTILY WELCOME! Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ 21 / 22 November 2014

2. 2 CSR & NGO Management (MBA) - Batch 2014/15

3. 3 Course objectives: Introduction to international politics and human rights aspects Contemporary systems of global governance; links between local, national and international structures; theories of international relations Special issues: e.g. human rights [and democracy], development, religious ideologies and international conflict, humanitarianism, environment

4. 4  Political Science > International Politics (IP)  IP Theories  IP: Global Trends  Global Governance  United Nations incl. NGOs and private sector  Democracy and Human Rights Module: Road Map Cross-cutting: CSR & NGOs [premises of the University of Bonn: Lennéstr. 6 ]

5. 5  The Meaning of Development – Theories  Foreign Relations and Development Cooperation of Germany and the EU  Factors Responsible for (mal-)development – role of elites  MDGs and SDGs

6. 66 At the end of the MBA Programme „CSR & NGO Management“ and thanks to your achievements you‘ll get your degree Regarding the IP Module, you are expected to answer 5 or 6 questions in the written exam (Klausur) scheduled for January 30, 2015 H-BRS graduation ceremony 2012 2006

7. 77 Political science is an academic discipline that seeks to study 1.politics (= activities concerned with the acquisition of power, art and science of directing and administrating states and other political units) 2.polity (= form or constitution of government) 3.policy (= content and different areas of politics) scientifically and to address empirical (factual) and normative (ethical) questions. Source: Ellen Grigsby (2009): Analyzing Politics. An Introduction to Political Science, 4th ed., Wadsworth, p. 39

8. 88 International Politics / IP IP (also called “World Politics”): One of the most exciting subjects to study IP is about central policies that affect our daily life. The academic discipline of IP has traditionally focused on questions of peace and war, but in recent years this agenda has broadened to include issues such as development, migration, climate and environment, human rights and democracy as well as culture and religion.

9. 99 IP = International Relations (IR) IR represents the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states and regional groupings within the international system. It includes the roles of states, inter-governmental organisations (IGOs), NGOs and INGOs, multinational companies (MNCs or TNCs). It is considered as a subfield or branch of political science, but should be treated as an interdisciplinary field of study and research. > IR: Out of bipolarism in the ‘Cold War’ times over unipolarism into multipolarism in the age of globalization > IR: Out of bipolarism in the ‘Cold War’ times over unipolarism into multipolarism in the age of globalization

10. 10 Power, state, nation, and intergovernmental / international organizations as well as democracy are key concepts of political science. MNCs, IGOs and NGOs (non-state, voluntary groups that pursue political objectives) are more or less important than states (!?) NGOs are challenging the nation-state's sovereignty over internal matters through advocacy for societal issues, e.g. human rights and the environment.

11. 11 According to U.S. political scientist Joseph Nye 3 spheres constitute international politics: (1) the sphere of military power (which is primarily unipolar with the United States as the dominant state); (2) the sphere of economic power (which is multipolar with many economic rivals, such as the United States, Europe/EU, China, and Japan); (3) the sphere occupied by ‘‘transnational’’ organizations that move across state boundaries and challenge state sovereignty. Transnational organizations can be international terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda, international drug cartels, or international businesses legally moving currencies across states. Cf. E. Grigsby (2009): Analyzing Politics. An Introduction to Political Science, p. 273f

12. 1212 Main IP Theories / Models of Analysis* I. Realism II. Idealism / liberalism III. Institutionalism IV. Regime theory V. Marxism *Cf. E. Grigsby (2009): Analyzing Politics, p. 253: There are two main models of analysis explaining why things happen as they do. Idealism (sometimes called liberal idealism or liberalism) and realism have been very influential in international relations.

13. 13 Two models of analysis for interpretation of international relations have been very influential: I. Realism asserts that 1.Governments cannot count on the existence of a peaceful and cooperative human nature to produce harmonious interactions. 2.States exist in a condition of anarchy in which there is no ultimate enforcer of rules. (“Realpolitik”) 3.Foreign policy must be based on a state's need to protect and advance its own power, not on morality (if power and morality come into conflict). (“Realpolitik”) 4.S 4.States are self-interested, power-seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival. 5.International political relations are prone to conflict; state security is understood primarily as military security. Cf. Ellen Grigsby: Analyzing Politics, pp. 251-288, 256

14. 14 Idealism (or liberalism) asserts that II. Idealism (or liberalism) asserts that 1.States / governments should pursue ethical and moral principles in foreign policy. 2.Human nature is rational and capable of peace. 3.States mutually gain from international cooperation; they should promote human security (“quality-of-life security”). 4.International organizations and institutions have the capacity to promote peace and human security, human rights and democracy. The international “regimes” affect the behaviour of states or other international actors (< Regime theory). 5.States tend to exist in a world that looks increasingly interdependent to many idealists such as liberal institutionalists.

15. 1515 There are some other relevant theories, among them: III. Regime theory is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states. Regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation.

16. 1616 IV. At the heart of Constructivism is the idea that significant aspects of international relations are socially constructed and not primarily based on geographical, military or economic conditions. V. Marxist and Neo-Marxist theories reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of capital accumulation and as the exploitation of developing countries by industrialized countries.

17. 1717 http://www3.uni-bonn.de/einrichtungen/universitaetsverwaltung/organisationsplan/archiv/175- jahre-karl-marx-an-der-universitaet-bonn/at_download/file 1818-1883 www.dradio.de/images/32856/square

18. 18 Different kinds of power in International Politics Joseph Nye [(2004): Soft Power – The Means of Success in World Politics, New York] made the following distinction in pursuing the State‘s interests: The State may use its military or economic power by resorting to war, secret service actions and coercive diplomacy or by imposing economic sanctions (= hard power) or invest money and take influence by the attractiveness of its (American) way of life as well as of its values and institutions (= soft power). Xuewu Gu, political scientist, University of Bonn, talks of ‘soft’, ‘hard’ and ‘structural’ power. Structural power means the power to set the agenda of discussion or to design, means indirect institutional power.

19. 19 Some areas relevant for IP / IR Armed Conflicts and militarization Hunger Environmental problems Freedom and repression Global Governance

20. 20 www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/196/196089_conflict_region_2012.pdfwww.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/196/196089_conflict_region_2012.pdf (18.11.13) Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) has recorded ongoing violent conflicts since the 1970s 2012: 32 armed conflicts in the world, 13 in Africa

21. 21 www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/196/196097_armedconflicts_2012.pdfwww.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/196/196097_armedconflicts_2012.pdf (16.11.14) 2012: 32 armed conflicts in the world, 13 in Africa

22. 22 www.bicc.de/old-site/uploads/pdf/gmi-map-2013.pdf

23. 23 www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/ghi13fig24.png 3 indicators: (1) the proportion of undernourished people, (2) the proportion of children under five who are underweight, (3) the mortality rate of children under five. Building resilience to achieve food and nutrition Security

24. 24 The GHI ranks countries on a 100-point scale. Zero is the best score (no hunger), and 100 is the worst, although neither of these extremes is reached in practice. www.ifpri.org/book-8018/ourwork/researcharea/global-hunger-indexwww.ifpri.org/book-8018/ourwork/researcharea/global-hunger-index (16.11.14)

25. 25 MAP OF FREEDOM 2014 https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files /MapofFreedom2014.pdfhttps://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files /MapofFreedom2014.pdf, 12.11.14

26. 26 The World Governance Index covers the following domains: 1. Peace and Security; 2. Rule of Law; 3. Human Rights and Participation; 4. Sustainable Development; 5. Human Development www.world-governance.org/spip.php?article745&lang=enwww.world-governance.org/spip.php?article745&lang=en (16.11.13) The World Governance Index (WGI) is an indicator developed in 2008 by the Forum for a new World Governance (FnWG)

27. 27 http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015http://reports.weforum.org/outlook-global-agenda-2015/top-10-trends-of-2015 (16.11.2014) Every year the World Economic Forum (Geneva) taps into the knowledge, observations and experiences of its Global Agenda Council Members, asking them to identify the issues that they believe will have the biggest impact on the world over the coming 12 to 18 months. The resulting insights, gathered with the help of the Survey on the Global Agenda, ultimately generate the Top 10 Trends - a forecast of the social, economic and political flash points that reside on our collective horizon.

28. 28 Have a look at the following ten trends which will influence and change international politics* Trend 1: World Financial Crisis Trend 2: End of the G7/8’s Monopoly Trend 3: Climate Change Trend 4: Rearmament and Fragile Statehood Trend 5: Religion Trend 6: Urbanisation Trend 7: Migration Trend 8: Inequality of “life chances” Trend 9: Internationalisation of Science / Technology Trend 10: New Governance Mechanisms * Source: Development and Peace Foundation/Institute for Development and Peace (eds.) (2010): Global Trends 2010. Peace – Development – Environment, Bonn

29. 29 Trend 1: World Financial Crisis (exacerbated by the Euro crisis) The world financial crisis is a major setback to socioeconomic progress in large parts of the world, demonstrating conclusively that neoliberal paradigms are a spent force. The economic consequences are being felt not only by the wealthy economies but also, and especially, by developing countries that are heavily dependent on foreign trade (especially commodities) and foreign capital inflows. The economic progress achieved in recent years, especially in Africa, is at risk of being reversed. Many emerging economies will be weakened for a transitional period, although their significance as new drivers of the world economy will increase overall.

30. 30 Trend 2: End of the G7/8’s Monopoly The world financial and economic crisis has finally discredited the G7/8’s monopoly on exclusive club rule. The resurgence of more multilateral approaches is reflected in the G20’s assumption of key consultation and, in some cases, leadership functions. G7/G8 The Group of Seven, or G7, established in 1975, is an informal forum comprising the heads of state and government of Canada (joined in 1976), France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia (joined in 1998 > G8), the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The European Commission is also represented at all G8 meetings. G8+5 Established in 2005, the Group of Eight plus Five brings together the G8 countries as well as Brazil, China, India, Mexico and South Africa to discuss extensive and globally relevant issues such as climate change.

31. 31 BRICS is the title of an association of leading emerging economies, arising out of the inclusion of South Africa into the BRIC group in 2010. As of 2012, the group's five members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. With the possible exception of Russia, the BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast-growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs. emerging economiesSouth AfricaBRICBrazilRussiaIndiaChinaSouth Africadeveloping or newly industrialised The acronym BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill in 2001. The acronym has come into widespread use as a symbol of the shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world.Jim O'NeillG7 Source: Wikipedia

32. 32 BRICS is the title of an association of leading emerging economies, arising out of the inclusion of South Africa into the BRIC group in 2010. As of 2012, the group's five members are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. With the exception of Russia, the BRICS members are all developing or newly industrialised countries, but they are distinguished by their large, fast- growing economies and significant influence on regional / global affairs. emerging economiesSouth AfricaBRICBrazilRussiaIndiaChinaSouth Africadeveloping or newly industrialised The acronym BRIC was coined by Jim O'Neill from Goldman Sachs in 2001. The acronym has come into widespread use as a symbol of the shift in global economic power away from the developed G7 economies towards the developing world.Jim O'NeillG7 Source: Wikipedia As of 2014, the five BRICS countries represent almost 3 billion people which is 40% of the world population, with a combined nominal GDP of US$16.039 trillion (20% world GDP). As of 2014, the BRICS nations represented 18 percent of the world economyGDP Brazil held the chair of the BRICS group in 2014, having hosted the group's sixth summit in 2014.group's sixth summit BRICS leaders at the summit in Fortaleza, Brazil. Left to right: Putin, Modi, Rousseff, Xi and Zuma.summitFortalezaBrazilPutinModiRousseffXiZuma

33. 33 On 5 October 1974, a parliamentary delegation of the FR of Germany in a discussion with Deng Xiao Ping, deputy prime minister of the PR of China, in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing r.: Deng (1904-1997); l.: U. Holtz On 5 October 1974, a parliamentary delegation of the FR of Germany in a discussion with Deng Xiao Ping, deputy prime minister of the PR of China, in the Great Hall of the People, Beijing r.: Deng (1904-1997); l.: U. Holtz spittoon

34. 34 World Bank (2014): Word Development Report 2014, Washington D.C., p. 297

35. 35 U. Holtz with Chinese students in October 1974

36. 36 Source: http://worldnewscurator.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/g20-countries-map.jpg (13.11.2012)

37. 37 Trend 3: Climate Change Climate change has become the main driver of global environmental change, with far-reaching implications for societies, economies and the international system. In vulnerable regions of the world, it is likely to trigger new conflict constellations as a consequence of food crises, a decrease in freshwater availability, storm and flood disasters, and crisis-induced migration.

38. 38 Trend 4: Rearmament and Fragile Statehood Security, as a policy field, is characterised by shifting and sometimes inconsistent trends: Armed conflicts have been in decline since 1993. But numerous countries continue to experience sporadic outbreaks of violence and are affected by fragile statehood; this applies especially to sub-Saharan Africa. In parallel, a decade of rearmament has been observed since the end of the 1990s. Multilateral arms control is in crisis, and a further proliferation of nuclear and ‘traditional’ weapons is likely. [New threats for peace > Conflict prevention – human security – responsibility to protect]

39. 39 Trend 5: Religion The West has long underestimated the significance of religion as a factor in international and transnational relations. In the academic discipline of “international relations” in particular, exercise of power and willingness to cooperate have generally been analysed in terms of the rational calculations of a “homo economicus”. By contrast, the assumption of power by Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran back in 1979 and the ending of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan by mujahideen fighters were some of the first signs that global politics is crucially influenced by politico-religious identities and ideologies as well.

40. 40

41. 41 Trend 6: Urbanisation The urbanisation process is steadily continuing. As of 2007, more of the world’s people live in cities than rural regions, with most urban growth taking place in the emerging economies and developing countries. The rise of megacities, most of which are located in the developing countries, poses a major development challenge.

42. 42 Trend 7: Migration The number of international migrants has increased threefold since 1960. Although the proportion of migrants in the world population is fairly stable, the relative importance of migrants in the “ageing” industrial societies is increasing. Migration has become the central human factor in transnational globalisation and, in view of the substantial rise in the number of women migrants, is increasingly acquiring a “female face”. As the dark side of globalisation, human trafficking has become a multi- billion-dollar industry.

43. 43

44. 44 Trend 8: Inequality of “life chances” There continues to be extreme inequality of “life chances” between and within world regions and societies, with the gap continuing to widen in some cases. Sub-Saharan Africa in particular is lagging further and further behind; this region has bucked the global trend in that life expectancy here is decreasing, and as in South Asia, the health MDGs, for example, will not be achieved. In contrast, East Asia is a “winner region” – albeit accompanied by growing social polarisation.

45. 45

46. 46 Trend 9: Internationalisation of Science/Technology Scientific and technological progress is becoming increasingly “internationalised” in its organisation. This is an outcome of greater market openness, but it is also a response to global problems. The ongoing conflicts of interest over rules to protect intellectual property rights remain difficult.

47. 47 Trend 10: New Governance Mechanisms The hierarchical approach to global governance is increasingly being supplemented – and indeed in some cases supplanted – by new horizontal governance mechanisms. These may be exclusive or inclusive in terms of the participation of various actors. They often facilitate solutions to problems where multilateral processes have stalled and hegemonic approaches are likely to fail. But they are not a panacea: multilateral governance structures remain indispensable in order to maximise coherence and provide a legitimate framework for action.

48. 48 Global governance (or world governance) Global governance or world governance is a movement towards political integration of transnational actors aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region. It tends to involve institutionalization. These institutions of global governance - the United Nations, the International Criminal Court, the World Bank, etc. - tend to have limited or demarcated power to enforce compliance. The modern question of world governance exists in the context of globalization and globalizing regimes of power: politically, economically and culturally. In response to the acceleration of interdependence on a worldwide scale, both between human societies and between humankind and the biosphere, the term "global governance" may also be used to name the process of designating laws, rules, or regulations intended for a global scale. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_governance (16.11.14)

49. 49 World / Global Governance (# Global Government) In a simple and broad-based definition of world governance, the term is used to designate all regulations intended for organization and centralization of human societies on a global scale. In short: world governance is the collective management of the planet. [1]1] Global governance may be defined as the complex of formal and informal institutions, mechanisms, relationships, and processes between and among states, markets, citizens and organizations, both inter- and non-governmental, through which collective interests on the global plane are articulated, duties, obligations and privileges are established, and differences are mediated through educated professionals.[2][2] 1 Forum for a New World Governance (FnWG) > www.world- governance.org/spip.php?rubrique6 (16.11.13)Forum for a New World Governance (FnWG) > www.world- governance.org/spip.php?rubrique6 2 Thomas G. Weiss/Ramesh Thakur, The UN and Global Governance: An Idea and Its Prospects, Indiana University Press 2006Indiana University Press

50. 50 Normatively spoken, Global Governance is looking for a better world. GG aims at maintaining and creating effectively the provision of (global) public goods/commons such as  Peace and security,  Welfare,  Financial stability,  Climate stability,  Knowledge,  Public health,  Social justice and equality,  Clean and healthy environment (air, rain forests, soils …)  Democracy and universal rule of law,  Cultural heritage.

51. 51 ("RtoP" or "R2P") RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT ("RtoP" or "R2P") RtoP/R2P The RtoP/R2P is a new international security and human rights norm to address the international community’s failure to prevent and stop genocides, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. The INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT (ICRtoP) brings together NGOs from all regions of the world to strengthen normative consensus for R2P, further the understanding of the norm, push for strengthened capacities to prevent and halt genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity and mobilize NGOs to push for action to save lives in RtoP country-specific situations. 1.Responsibility to Prevent 2.Responsibility to React 3.Responsibility to Rebuild Source: www.responsibilitytoprotect.org (21.11.12)www.responsibilitytoprotect.org

52. 52 Global Governance means cooperation and interaction of  States,  Multilateral organizations,  Private companies,  National and international civil society organizations – I/NGOs,  Regional and group actors,  Governance of and within individual states.

53. 53 Ramesh Thakur (Professor of International Relations, Canberra/Australia): The United Nations in Global Governance: Rebalancing Organized Multilateralism for Current and Future Challenges, 2011 Multilateral institutions must recognize and involve nonstate actors on the basis of criteria that ensure their legitimacy and effectiveness. In the areas of social and economic welfare and humanitarianism in particular, nonstate actors have become integral and essential components of multilateral action. Twenty-first century multilateralism cannot be confined therefore to relationships among states but must reflect the plurality of international relations, including the key roles of nonstate actors. NGOs themselves must acknowledge, and act on the acknowledgment, that they are now oftentimes actors and participants in the global policy process. With influence on decisions come responsibility for the consequences and distributional impacts of the decisions. Similarly, the for-profit private sector too must take a greater interest in issues of international governance and pay its due share of the costs of the provision of global public goods.

54. 54 There are three United Nations: Inis L. Claude, Prof. Emeritus of International Relations at the University of Virginia/USA, distinguished between the role of the United Nations as an intergovernmental arena and its identity as an international secretariat.* 1. The “first United Nations” comprises the world organization’s 193 member states, which collectively have decision-making power. 2. The “second United Nations” composed of the secretariats forms a distinct arena consisting of career international civil servants and staff members with the Secretary-General at its head. 3. These interdependent dimensions of the world body are complemented by a “third United Nations,” composed of actors that are closely associated with the world organization but not formally part of it and comprising influential NGOs, academics, consultants, experts, commissions and other individuals who interact with and have an impact on the first and second UN.** *Inis L. Claude Jr.: Peace and Security. Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations, Global Governance 2, no. 3 (1996): 289-298. **Thomas G. Weiss/Tatiana Carayannis/Richard Jolly: The ‘Third’ United Nations, Global Governance 15, no. 1 (2009): 123-142.

55. 55 UN The most international address for International Politics and Global Governance is the UN in New York. It started in 1945 with 51 member states and counts now 193. The PREAMBLE of the UN Charter (1945) highlights: WE THE PEOPLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS DETERMINED to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war…, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, AND FOR THESE ENDS to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another as good neighbours, …and to employ international machinery for the promotion of the economic and social advancement of all peoples, HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS …and do hereby establish an international organization to be known as the United Nations.

56. 56 [Recommended reading for all students] United Nations (2014): Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization (General Assembly, Official Records, 69th Session, Supplement No. 1 - A/69/1), New York 8 areas of work are identified: A.Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development 1. Accelerating progress on the MDGs 2. Post-2015 development agenda 3. Need for action on climate change B. Maintenance of international peace and security 1. Conflict prevention and mediation 2. Democratic transitions and elections 3. Peacekeeping 4. Peacebuilding

57. 57 C. Development of Africa D. Promotion and protection of human rights E. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts F. Promotion of justice and international law G. Disarmament H. Drug control, crime prevention and combating international terrorism in all its forms and manifestations (Strengthening the Organization)

58. 58 United Nations (2014): Report of the Secretary-General … 1. Accelerating progress on the MDGs 13. The risk of disasters continues to increase, threatening economic growth and hampering efforts to reduce poverty. The United Nations has taken steps to strengthen partnerships with the private sector and to ensure that investment decisions reduce risk. 2. Post-2015 development agenda 18. … Expectations [for the high level summit in September 2015] include a set of action-oriented and universal sustainable development goals, and both a renewed global partnership for development and an inclusive accountability framework for the post-2015 development agenda. Those expectations need to be backed by the broadest and highest-level engagement, including by civil society, the private sector, parliamentarians and the scientific and academic community, to ensure strong impact and high visibility. It will therefore be critical to ensure that we have an effective United Nations development system, which is fit for purpose when it comes to supporting the implementation of this agenda, while leading other constituencies to likewise engage with this important issue.

59. 59 B.1 Conflict prevention and mediation 29. In the Great Lakes region, my Special Envoy engaged regional leaders, international stakeholders and civil society groups to advance the implementation of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the region, in addition to related political initiatives, although the underlying causes … 34. In South America, where peace talks between the Government of Colombia and the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia were launched in August 2012, the United Nations has supported the contribution of civil society through dialogue mechanisms. B.2 Democratic transitions and elections 42. Civil society organizations around the world have continued to demand to participate in transitions, governance and elections. That was reflected in the work of the United Nations Democracy Fund, which received more than 2,000 project proposals from organizations in over 130 countries during its annual proposal window. … At the same time, a growing number of Governments have proposed national legislation restricting the freedom of civil society groups to operate, including with regard to international funding.

60. 60 E. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts 65.By the end of 2013, more than 50 million people were in need of humanitarian assistance. The United Nations and its partners continued to respond to humanitarian needs and emergencies across the globe. 66. In 2013, new actors took a larger part in humanitarian action and various partnership models arose, including cash-transfer programmes and remote management of operations by using local organizations and partners to deliver assistance. Furthermore, 95 countries, in addition to numerous multilateral and regional organizations, private sector organizations and individuals, contributed a total of $14.4 billion in funding to inter-agency response plans and complementary humanitarian action. That was an increase of $1.6 billion from 2012, largely owing to the magnitude of the Syrian crisis and Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines. 67.The rising scale of needs, the persistence of protracted crises and the interplay of new risks have led to a continued global deficit in the capacity of Governments and humanitarian organizations to respond, suggesting a need for a shift in the way in which Member States and the United Nations and its partners prepare for and respond to humanitarian crises towards a more anticipatory approach.

61. 61 Chapter III: Strengthening the Organization 89. Over the past year, the General Assembly has taken steps to further strengthen the work of the Organization, for example by strengthening the Economic and Social Council and the United Nations Environment Programme. The question of the equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council remains of central importance to the wider membership. Partnerships 94. Strengthening the capacity of the Organization to partner at scale, while ensuring accountability, integrity and transparency, remains a priority. More than 1,000 partners are engaging on key issues through United Nations platforms such as the Every Woman, Every Child initiative, the Women’s Empowerment Principles: Equality Means Business, the Children’s Rights and Business Principles, the Caring for Climate initiative, the Sustainable Energy for All initiative, the Zero Hunger Challenge initiative, the CEO Water Mandate The United Nations Global Compact remains our main avenue for engaging businesses, with over 8,000 participants in more than 140 countries. In September 2013, I launched a post-2015 business engagement architecture that provides a framework for scaling up business engagement and action, in addition to promising initiatives such as the Business for Peace platform, the Food and Agriculture Business Principles and Business for the Rule of Law. As partnerships continue to expand throughout the Organization, we must use the partnership tool more, in a more effective and accountable manner, with the full range of actors, including philanthropists, civil society and academic institutions.

62. 62 Business, CSR and IB Corporate social responsibility (CSR) stands for socially and ecologically responsible business practices and is aligned with the concept of sustainable economic development. Companies commit to respecting social and environmental principles as well as human rights in their daily operations and their relationships with employees, shareholders, consumers, investors and civil society. Accordingly, CSR can be described as ‘responsible activity on the part of businesses with the aim of using their available leeway [scope] to foster sustainable development’. Inclusive business (IB) expands the opportunities of people living in poverty by tailoring the core business, or part of the core business, to their needs. It can incorporate compliance as well as elements of CSR. Source: GIZ (ed.): Inclusive business models, Bonn/Eschborn 2013

63. 6363 The UN: business and ethics Overview of the UN Global Compact The UN Global Compact is a strategic policy initiative for businesses that are committed to aligning their operations and strategies with ten universally accepted principles in the areas of human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption.ten universally accepted principleshuman rightslabour environmentanti-corruption By doing so, business, as a primary driver of globalization, can help ensure that markets, commerce, technology and finance advance in ways that benefit economies and societies everywhere. As social, political and economic challenges (and opportunities) — whether occurring at home or in other regions — affect business more than ever before, many companies recognize the need to collaborate and partner with governments, civil society, labour and the United Nations. This ever-increasing understanding is reflected in the Global Compact's rapid growth. With over 10,000 corporate participants and other stakeholders from over 130 countries, it is the largest voluntary corporate responsibility initiative in the world. www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/ (21.11.13)

64. 6464 The Ten Principles The UN Global Compact's ten principles in the areas of human rights, labour, the environment and anti-corruption enjoy universal consensus and are derived from: Human Rights The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The International Labour Organization's Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development The United Nations Convention Against Corruption The UN Global Compact asks companies to embrace, support and enact, within their sphere of influence, a set of core values in the areas of human rights, labour standards, the environment and anti-corruption: www.unglobalcompact.org/AboutTheGC/TheTenPrinciples/index.html

65. 6565 Labour Principle 1Principle 1: Businesses should support and respect the protection of internationally proclaimed human rights; and Principle 2:Principle 2: make sure that they are not complicit in human rights abuses. Principle 3Principle 3: Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining; Principle 4Principle 4: the elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour; Principle 5Principle 5: the effective abolition of child labour; and Principle 6Principle 6: the elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation. Environment Principle 7Principle 7: Businesses should support a precautionary approach to environmental challenges; Principle 8Principle 8: undertake initiatives to promote greater environmental responsibility; and Principle 9Principle 9: encourage the development and diffusion of environmentally friendly technologies. Anti-Corruption Principle 10Principle 10: Businesses should work against corruption in all its forms, including extortion and bribery.

66. 66 Bonn, Germany www.dpdhl.comwww.dpdhl.com www.dpdhl.com/content/dam/Investors/Events/Reporting/2014/DPDHL_Corporate_ Responsibility_2013.pdf CR Report “The AND makes the difference”

67. 67 DR. FRANK APPEL CEO Letter to our stakeholders We have also built a corporate culture which infuses our daily work with a commitment to sustainable, ethical business practices. There are several components to this: -our overarching principle of Respect & Results, a spirit of openness and appreciation in our dealings with one another, and -our Code of Conduct, which is based on internationally recognized standards – the UN Global Compact and its ten principles we steadfastly adhere to as a member, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Today, our many corporate [social] responsibility activities and strategies are widely respected and appreciated by our employees and external stakeholders.

68. 68 Deutsche Post DHL: As Europe’s largest postal company and the world’s leading logistics company, we are constantly working to reduce our environmental impact. Our GoGreen program is driven by our ambitious climate protection target to improve carbon efficiency by 30% by the year 2020, as compared to the baseline year 2007. 2013 was also a year of progress in the area of social responsibility and engagement. We continued to expand our GoTeach activities, including new partnerships with Teach for the Philippines and seven SOS Children’s Villages country organizations. We deployed our GoHelp volunteers to Chile and the Philippines, and our valued employees – some 480,000 around the world – continue to contribute their time and spirit to projects in their own communities. Global Volunteer Day is just one example of this. In 2013, our employees contributed more than 200,000 volunteer hours to local projects as part of the volunteering event.

69. 69 Deutsche Post DHL: PERSPECTIVES ON CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY - A company that takes on social responsibility is fulfilling the most basic requirements. Taking on social responsibility is at the core of free enterprise. - Social responsibility and business success are interconnected and inseparable. this is especially the case in my area of work, where we grapple with challenges such as diversity, demographic change and youth unemployment, and develop innovative solutions. - Government regulation and corporate responsibility are two important areas that should complement each other in a balanced way. While government regulations set the general framework for doing business, our challenge as a forward- looking company is to contribute to a culture of lived responsibility. - Ten years from now companies will consider their social responsibility an integral part of value creation – not only because they want to stay competitive, but because a spirit of responsibility is embedded in their basic ethical principles.

70. 70 www.un.org/en/aboutun/pdf/2014%20E%20UN%20Card.pdfwww.un.org/en/aboutun/pdf/2014%20E%20UN%20Card.pdf (16.11.14)

71. 71 Main organs of the UN

72. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_System (24.11.14) < e.g. Climate Change and Combat Desertification - with Bonn based secretariats

73. www.un.org/en/aboutun/structure/pdfs/UN%20system%20chart_lettercolor_2013.pdf

74. 7474 The work of the United Nations: www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml www.un.org/en/aboutun/index.shtml 1.reaches every corner of the globe 2.best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarian assistance 3.there are many other ways the United Nations and its system (specialized agencies, funds and programmes) affect our lives and try to make the world a better place. 4.works on a broad range of important issues >>> - sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non- proliferation, - sustainable development, environment and refugees protection, disaster relief, counter terrorism, disarmament and non- proliferation, - promoting democracy, human rights, gender equality and the advancement of women, governance, economic and social development and international health, clearing landmines, expanding food production, and more, in order to achieve its goals and coordinate efforts for a safer world for this and future generations.

75. 7575 Mounting challenges – for individual states, groupings of states, and the UN Challenges facing the world are characterized by the intensifying inter-connectedness of global and regional issues: political tensions; climate change; water shortages; soil erosion; financial, economic and food crises; ecosystem disruptions; increasing inequality and persistent poverty. Thomas G. Weiss/Tapio Kanninen/Michael K. Busch: Sustainable Global Governance for the 21st Century. The United Nations confronts economic and environmental crises amidst changing geopolitics (Friedrich Ebert Foundation), New York 2009, p. 8

76. 7676 In order to act on the entire range of challenges confronting the world in the twenty-first century, the world organization must change. The UN strategy should be: bold, responding to threats with speed and the confidence accorded by its universal membership and legitimacy; idea driven, confronting challenges with imaginative proposals and fresh initiatives with transformative potential; analytically robust, drawing on the world body’s comparative advantage in analysis to take deliberate, informed action and bolster the leadership role of the Secretary-General; structurally integrated, establishing a working division of labor between the world body, regional organizations, national and local actors for rapidly tackling issues in a way that coordinates their respective capabilities and expertise; reflective of reality, pursuing objectives and reform that mirror the shifting terrain of world politics. (ibid., p. 9)

77. 77 new edition September 2014 Headquarters of the UN campus in Bonn

78. 78 Bonn is Germany's centre for international co-operation and a leading sustainability cluster. The German UN City hosts 18 UN secretariats and organisations with some 1,000 employees - the Secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) being by far the largest. These UN organisations benefit from the synergies and potential offered by the Bonn international cluster. Several United Nations University institutions highlight Bonn's internationally significant role as a place of study and learning for the issues of international co-operation, development, and sustainability. The continuing consolidation of the United Nations presence in Bonn serves as a visual symbol of international cooperation and will foster further collaboration and interaction. www.bonn-international.org/city-of-bonn/un-in-bonn.html (16.11.14)www.bonn-international.org/city-of-bonn/un-in-bonn.html

79. 797979 1999

80. 80 Introduction Today, near to 1.000 staff members work for the 18 United Nations organisations, programmes and offices located in Bonn, Germany. These organisations operate in a wide variety of areas, but all are connected through the contribution they make to sustainable development. Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance social, cultural, economic and environmental objectives when making decisions today. Combating poverty is one of the first priorities in achieving sustainable development. Economic growth is essential to reducing poverty, but it should also embrace environmental sustainability, social development and a productive diversity of cultures.

81. 81 In Bonn, the United Nations organisations are supporting specific efforts by governments to achieve a sustainable future in areas such as climate change, desertification, disaster reduction, education, health, human security, species conservation and volunteering:  Secretariat of the UN Framework Convention to Combat Climate Change (UNFCCC)  Secretariat of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)  United Nations Volunteers Programme (UNV)  United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN/ISDR)  UNESCO International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (UNESCO-UNEVOC)  Secretariat of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (UNEP/CMS)  United Nations University – Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU- EHS)  Secretariat of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)  ….. [Every student presents one different organization located in Bonn; all presentations are to be evaluated by a student.]

82. 82 The Bonn based UN organisations operate in a wide variety of areas, but all are connected through the contribution they make to sustainable development. Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Meeting the needs of the future depends on how well we balance social, cultural, economic and environmental objectives when making decisions today. Combating poverty is one of the first priorities in achieving sustainable development. Economic growth is essential to reducing poverty, but it should also embrace environmental sustainability, social development and a productive diversity of cultures.

83. 83 Very important directions for a better life – for a vision of a better world - are to be found in: A. The UN Charter B. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights C. The Millennium Declaration and the MDGs

84. 8484 A. Charter of the United Nations, signed on 26 June 1945 Objectives of the United Nations PREAMBLE WE THE PEOPLES …HAVE RESOLVED TO COMBINE OUR EFFORTS TO ACCOMPLISH THESE AIMS 1.To maintain international peace and security, 2.To bring about by peaceful means adjustment or settlement of international disputes, 3.To develop friendly relations among nations, 4.To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems.

85. 8585 B. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10.12.1948 PREAMBLE Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, … …the advent of a world in which human beings shall enjoy freedom of speech and belief and freedom from fear and want … (< so-called 4 freedoms) Whereas the peoples of the United Nations have in the Charter reaffirmed their faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person and in the equal rights of men and women and have determined to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom, … Now, Therefore THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY proclaims THIS UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations …

86. 86 UN Charter Art. 1

87. 87 C. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [without reference to a Main Committee (A/55/L.2)] 55/2. United Nations Millennium Declaration The General Assembly Adopts the following Declaration: United Nations Millennium Declaration I. Values and principles We, heads of State and Government, have gathered at United Nations Headquarters in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, at the dawn of a new millennium, to reaffirm our faith in the Organization and its Charter as indispensable foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world. 2. We recognize that, in addition to our separate responsibilities to our individual societies, we have a collective responsibility to uphold the principles of human dignity, equality and equity at the global level. As leaders we have a duty therefore to all the world’s people, especially the most vulnerable and, in particular, the children of the world, to whom the future belongs.

88. 88 6. We consider certain fundamental values to be essential to international relations in the twenty-first century. These include: 1)Freedom 2)Equality 3)Solidarity 4)Tolerance 5)Respect for nature 6)Shared responsibility

89. 8989 Freedom. Men and women have the right to live their lives and raise their children in dignity, free from hunger and from the fear of violence, oppression or injustice. Democratic and participatory governance based on the will of the people best assures these rights. Equality. No individual and no nation must be denied the opportunity to benefit from development. The equal rights and opportunities of women and men must be assured. Solidarity. Global challenges must be managed in a way that distributes the costs and burdens fairly in accordance with basic principles of equity and social justice. Those who suffer or who benefit least deserve help from those who benefit most. Tolerance. Human beings must respect one other, in all their diversity of belief, culture and language. Differences within and between societies should be neither feared nor repressed, but cherished as a precious asset of humanity. A culture of peace and dialogue among all civilizations should be actively promoted. Respect for nature. Prudence must be shown in the management of all living species and natural resources, in accordance with the precepts of sustainable development. Only in this way can the immeasurable riches provided to us by nature be preserved and passed on to our descendants. The current unsustainable patterns of production and consumption must be changed in the interest of our future welfare and that of our descendants. Shared responsibility. Responsibility for managing worldwide economic and social development, as well as threats to international peace and security, must be shared among the nations of the world and should be exercised multilaterally. As the most universal and most representative organization in the world, the United Nations must play the central role.

90. 90 In order to translate these shared values into actions, we have identified key objectives to which we assign special significance: I.Peace, security and disarmament II.Development and poverty eradication III.Protecting our common environment IV.Human rights, democracy and good governance V.Protecting the vulnerable VI.Meeting the special needs of Africa VII.Strengthening the United Nations

91. 91 The eight MDGs 2000/2001, UN Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women Goal 4: Reduce child mortality Goal 5: Improve maternal health Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability Goal 8: Develop a global partnership for development Millennium Declaration, Sept. 2000: Peace, Security & Disarmament; Human Rights, Democracy and Good Governance # culture The German government's contribution to the realization of these goals is enshrined in its cross-departmental Program of Action 2015, for which the BMZ is the lead ministry.Program of Action 2015

92. 92 The MDGs may pave the way to a more peaceful, prosperous and just world. They are a – restricted, faulty – vision for a better word. The MDGs do not directly address some important issues such as democracy or peace – and some problems are underestimated (e.g. the instability of financial markets, population increase). Essential goals/targets/indicators are missing from the MDGs – especially in areas of industrialized countries’ commitments. The goals are ambitious – but progress is possible.

93. 93 Goal 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Target 1: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day Target 2: Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, incl. women and young people Target 3: Halve, between 1990 and 2015, the proportion of people who suffer from hunger

94. 9494 Willy Brandt (1913-1992)  History has taught us that wars produce hunger, but we are less aware that mass poverty can lead to war or end in chaos.  While hunger rules peace cannot prevail.  He who wants to ban war, must also ban mass poverty. Source: North-South Report (1980): A Programme for Survival, An Introduction by W. B.: A Plea for Change - Peace, Justice, Jobs. London

95. 9595 The map on the front cover is based upon the PETERS projection rather than the more familiar MERCATOR projection:

96. 9696 UN: Millennium Development Goals Report 2014 Ban Ki-moon, UN Secretary-General: This report reaffirms that the MDGs have made a profound difference in people’s lives. Global poverty has been halved five years ahead of the 2015 timeframe. Ninety per cent of children in developing regions now enjoy primary education, and disparities between boys and girls in enrolment have narrowed. Remarkable gains have also been made in the fight against malaria and tuberculosis. The concerted efforts of national governments, the international community, civil society and the private sector have helped expand hope and opportunity for people around the world. But more needs to be done to accelerate progress. Member States are now fully engaged in discussions to define Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which will serve as the core of a universal post-2015 development agenda. http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2014/English2014.pdf

97. 97

98. 98 MDGs: 2014 Progress Chart http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/Products/Progress2014/Progress_E.pdf

99. 99

100. 100 Democracy Human Rights Good Governance

101. 101101 The word democracy originates from the Greek “demos” = “the people” “kratein” = “to rule” democracy = “rule by the people” (in the Athenian democracy, slaves and women were prohibited from voting) The word democracy originates from the Greek “demos” = “the people” “kratein” = “to rule” democracy = “rule by the people” (in the Athenian democracy, slaves and women were prohibited from voting) The classical distinction between governments in terms of the number of rulers: government by one man (monarchy or tyranny), government by the few (aristocracy or oligarchy), government by the many (democracy). Distinction between monarchies and republics. Schemes classifying democracies in terms of their key institutions: parliamentary democracy, presidential democracy.

102. 102102 US President Abraham Lincoln in his »Gettysburg Address« (19.11.1863): Democracy is “government of the people, by the people, for the people” rule emanating from the people (legitimacy) participatory form of rule (execution) committed to the people and the public welfare (normative aspect of rule). Source: http://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/Pages/default.aspx and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Addresshttp://myloc.gov/Exhibitions/gettysburgaddress/Pages/default.aspx http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_Address

103. 103103 There is much debate on the ability of a democracy to properly represent both the ‘will of the people’ and to do what is ‘right’, but to refer to Winston Churchill and his speech before the House of Commons on the afternoon of November 11, 1947: “Democracy is the worst form of government except for all those others that have been tried.” “This is because there is no system that can ideally order society. Traditionally the purpose of democracy is to prevent tyranny and dictatorship (the accumulation of too much authority in the hands of one or a few).” www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0105/0105churchilldem.htmwww.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/0105/0105churchilldem.htm (20.11.13)

104. 104104 The Universal Declaration on Democracy, adopted by the Inter- Parliamentary Union (IPU) in 1997, is a very important, too often ignored reference document.[1][1] The Declaration emphasizes that democracy – a universal value – requires the existence of representative institutions at all levels and, in particular, a parliament which has the requisite powers and means to express the will of the people by legislating and overseeing government action. Democracy “is the only political system that has the capacity for self-correction.” Strong parliaments are the central institution, the ‘heart’ of democracy. Following the endeavours of the IPU, in 2007 the United Nations General Assembly acknowledged the resilience and universality of the principles of democracy by declaring 15 September the International Day of Democracy. [1][1] The Declaration may be found at IPU (Hg.) : Democracy: It’s Principles and Achievement, Geneva, 1998, pp. III-VIII (also available at >www.ipu.org/cnl- e/161-dem.htm<)www.ipu.org/cnl- e/161-dem.htm

105. 105105 While democracies share common features, there is no single model of democracy. Democracy understood as rule of the people, by the people and for the people is a universal value, as can be seen in several documents. Democracy, the political order of freedom, is based on free, fair and regular elections enabling the change of government; separation of powers; respect, protection and fulfilment of human rights; the rule of law for all without any privileges and discrimination; and a genuine partnership between men and women. Democracy is realized through a complex set of efficient institutions and practices, which have evolved over time and continue to do so. These include: a guaranteed framework of citizen rights; effective, accountable institutions of government; an active citizen body or civil society; and a number of mediating institutions between government and citizens, among which political parties and free media are very important. Cf. IPU (2006): ): Parliament and democracy in the twenty-first century. A guide to good practice (written and edited by David Beetham), Geneva, p. 4

106. 106106106 Democracy – universally recognised? IPU, Universal Declaration on Democracy,1997: Democracy is a universally recognised ideal as well as a goal, which is based on common values shared by peoples throughout the world community irrespective of cultural, political, social and economic differences. It is thus a basic right of citizenship to be exercised under conditions of freedom, equality, transparency and responsibility, with due respect for the plurality of views, and in the interest of the polity. Amartya Sen, 1999: The recognition of democracy as a universally relevant system, which moves in the direction of its acceptance as a universal value, is a major revolution in thinking, and one of the main contributions of the twentieth century. … Democracy enriches the lives of the citizens. UNDP, 2002: UNDP, 2002: Political participation and freedom are fundamental parts of human development.

107. 107 State of Democracy 2012 www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex12www.eiu.com/public/topical_report.aspx?campaignid=DemocracyIndex12 – published in 2013 (14.1.14)

108. 108

109. 109 Bertelsmann Transformation Index > Status Index 2012 (2014) www.bti-project.de/atlas/global-viewswww.bti-project.de/atlas/global-views (06.08.2014) The bluer the higher is the transformation performance

110. 110110 Amartya Sen (*1933): Democracy as a Universal Value (1999) Sen, born 3 November 1933, is an Indian economist He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members. indowaves.instablogs.com

111. 111111 A. Sen, Democracy as a Universal Value (1999) This recognition of democracy as a universally relevant system, which moves in the direction of its acceptance as a universal value, is a major revolution in thinking. A country does not have to be deemed fit for democracy; rather, it has to become fit through democracy. We can distinguish three different ways in which democracy enriches the lives of the citizens: a)Intrinsic value (political freedom as part of human nature) b)Instrumental value (in giving a voice to people and to their claims) c)Constructive role (in the understanding of needs, rights and duties)

112. 112112 Rio+20 (2012) also acknowledged that democracy, good governance and the rule of law, at the national and international levels, as well as an enabling environment, are essential for sustainable human and economic development, including sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth, industrial and social development, environmental protection and the eradication of poverty and hunger. It was reaffirmed that – to achieve “our sustainable development goals” – institutions at all levels that are effective, transparent, accountable and democratic are needed.[1][1] [1] United Nations (2012): “The future we want” – Outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, paragraphs 10 and 150

113. 113113 Although initially the Green Belt Movement’s tree planting activities did not address issues of democracy and peace, it soon became clear that responsible governance of the environment was impossible without democratic space. Therefore, the tree became a symbol for the democratic struggle in Kenya. … Through the Green Belt Movement, thousands of ordinary citizens were mobilized and empowered to take action and effect change. They learned to overcome fear and a sense of helplessness and moved to defend democratic rights. did not address issues of democracy and peace, it soon became clear that responsible governance of the environment was impossible without democratic space. Therefore, the tree became a symbol for the democratic struggle in Kenya. … Through the Green Belt Movement, thousands of ordinary citizens were mobilized and empowered to take action and effect change. They learned to overcome fear and a sense of helplessness and moved to defend democratic rights. In time, the tree also became a symbol for peace and conflict resolution, especially during ethnic conflicts in Kenya when the Green Belt Movement used peace trees to reconcile disputing communities. As we progressively understood the causes of environmental degradation, we saw the need for good governance. Culture plays a central role in the political, economic and social life of communities. Indeed, culture may be the missing link in the development of Africa. Culture is dynamic and evolves over time, consciously discarding retrogressive traditions, like female genital mutilation (FGM), and embracing aspects that are good and useful. Wangari Maathai – Nobel Peace Prize Lecture Oslo, December 10, 2004 (http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867) http://nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=867 for her "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace" for her "contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"

114. 114114 U. Holtz The triangle of core components of any democracy 1. Free, fair and regular elections with the possibility to change government Elections require the freedom of expression and associational freedom. Electoral competition is required for any democracy to thrive and flourish. In a democracy, multiple political forces/parties compete inside an institutional framework; parliaments are the heart of democracy. Without inclusion, certain segments of society are not eligible to participate, leaving a lack of true democratic representation.

115. 115115 Nelson Mandela voting in 1994 elections

116. 116 U. Holtz: Parliamentary Hexagon: the main six functions / powers of Parliaments power of discourse elective power power of oversight treaty and war power legislative power power of the purse

117. 117 A democratically elected parliament is the heart of democracy. Its six main functions, roles and powers ideally are (U.H.: “parliamentary hexagon”[1]):[1] 1.Making laws, including constitutional changes (legislative power). 2.Allocating financial resources and deciding on budget and taxation (power of the purse). 3.Holding governments accountable and exercising control of executive actions, policy and personnel (power of oversight). 4.Debating issues of national and international moment and representing democratic publics (power of discourse) 5.Electing the parliamentary officers and – in the case of parliamentary democracies – the executive (elective power). 6.Influencing foreign policy as well as international relations and institutions by ratification of treaties, decisions on peace and war, allocation of financial resources to organizations and funds, parliamentary diplomacy, mediation between the public and international organizations and institutions, etc. (international power). [1][1] Cf. U. Holtz (2013): Role of parliamentarians in the Implementation Process of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification. A guide to parliamentary action, Bonn, p.19 (>www.unccd.int/Lists/SiteDocumentLibrary/Parliament/Handbook%20for%20 Parliamentarians-eng.pdf< (18.11.14).

118. 118118 2. Politics shall be bound by constitutional law and order law and order This requires the - at least a minimum of – separation of powers, independent judiciary, rule of law.

119. 119119 Federal Constitutional Court - Karlsruhe / Germany

120. 120120 3. The respect for, and protection and promotion of inalienable human rights and civil and political liberties Elections and a body of civil rights - both institutions limit the power of the state: the first by ensuring that the rascals can be thrown out of office, the second by making sure that the rascals cannot do certain things even while in office. Civil rights also protect minorities against the dictatorship of the majority.

121. 121121 European Court of Human Rights / Council of Europe Strasbourg / France

122. 122122 Democracy and human rights  Democracy, human rights and development should go hand in hand.  Democracies rarely, or even never, go to war with one another. (< Democratic peace theory or liberal democratic theory – Immanuel Kant) Kant's theory was that a majority of the people would never vote to go to war, unless in self defence. Therefore, if all nations were republics, it would end war, because there would be no aggressors. Kant's theory was that a majority of the people would never vote to go to war, unless in self defence. Therefore, if all nations were republics, it would end war, because there would be no aggressors. (Perpetual Peace, 1795)

123. 123123 The International Bill of Human Rights consists of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by General Assembly resolution 217 A (III) of 10 December 1948, (Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.) the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights/ICESCR adopted by the General Assembly by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 - entered into force 3 January 1976. the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights/ICCPR adopted by the General Assembly by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 – entered into force 23 March 1976, and its two Optional Protocols. the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights/ICCPR adopted by the General Assembly by its resolution 2200 A (XXI) of 16 December 1966 – entered into force 23 March 1976, and its two Optional Protocols. The WORLD CONFERENCE ON HUMAN RIGHTS, Vienna, 14-25 June 1993, confirmed: All human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent and interrelated.

124. 124 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948):United Nations, 1948 Every person – ‘without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or … the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs’ (Article 2) – should enjoy such rights, including those in the following categories: Cf. Development 53 (2010), p. 451–456, 452 (www.palgrave- journals.com/development/journal/v53/n4/full/dev201081a.html)www.palgrave- journals.com/development/journal/v53/n4/full/dev201081a.html

125. 125 1. Political/Civil: - not being ‘subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment’ (Article 5); - ‘equal protection of the law’ (Article 7); - not being ‘subjected to arbitrary arrest, detention or exile’ (Article 9); - ‘a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal’ (Article 10); - ‘freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state … [and] to leave any country … and to return to his country’ (Article 13); - ‘take part in the government of [one's] country, directly or through freely chosen representatives’ (Article 23);

126. 126 2. Economic/Welfare: - ‘own property alone as well as in association with others’ (Article 17); - ‘free choice of employment, … just and favorable conditions of work, … just and favorable remuneration [in work] … and [freedom] to join trade unions for the protection of [one's interests’ (Article 23); - ‘a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of [one]self and of [one's] family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services’ (Article 25); 3. Social/Cultural: - ‘freedom of thought, conscience and religion’ (Article 18); - ‘freedom of opinion and expression … and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers’ (Article 19); -‘freely participate in the cultural life of the community, … enjoy the arts, and … share in scientific advancement and its benefits’ (Article 27).

127. 127 Some political scientists regard culture as a potentially crucial factor shaping state and international policies. What is culture? In 2001 the UNESCO General Conference affirmed that “culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs.” (incl. religions)

128. 128128 Amartya Sen : Amartya Sen : How Does Culture Matter? (2004) Given the pervasive influence of culture in human life - the real issue is how - not whether - culture matters: 1. Culture is a constitutive part of development. 2. Human beings influence and shape culture – and they are influenced by culture. However, c ulture is is not uniquely pivotal in determining our lives and identities. 3. Culture and cultural factors influence economic behaviour, participation in societal and political interactions as well as orientations and values – positively and negatively. 4. Culture is not a homogeneous attribute - there can be great variations even within the same general cultural milieu; culture does not sit still; cultures interact with each other. 5. We cannot both want democracy, on the one hand, and yet, on the other, rule out certain choices, on traditionalist grounds, because of their “foreignness“. There are institutional demands for cultural democracy. Sen, born 3 November 1933, is an Indian economist who was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his contributions to welfare economics and social choice theory, and for his interest in the problems of society's poorest members.

129. 129 „New“ Generation of Rights: Collective Rights Right of peoples to: Self-determination Development Free use of their wealth and natural resources Peace A healthy environment Other collective rights: Rights of national, ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities Rights of indigenous peoples

130. 130 The right to development The 1986 UN Declaration on the Right to Development states that: 1. “… every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized”, [and] 2. “The human right to development also implies the full realization of the right of peoples to self-determination, which includes, subject to the relevant provisions of both International Covenants on Human Rights, the exercise of their inalienable right to full sovereignty over all their natural wealth and resources.”

131. 131  The right to development is based on the principle of the indivisibility and interdependence of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.  Equal attention and urgent consideration should be given to the implementation, promotion and protection of civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.  The Millennium Development Goals of September 2000 define the eradication of poverty as the overarching objective of the development process.  Governments and other duty bearers are under an obligation to respect, protect and fulfil human rights. Cf. IPU (2005): Human Rights: A Handbook for Parliamentarians, Geneva

132. 132132 Thanks a lot for your attention Prof. Dr. Uwe HOLTZ