1. Migration

2. Vocabulary associated with “relocation diffusion” – which is migration
Emigration – migration from a location
Immigration – migration to a location
Net-migration – the difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants
Mobility – a form of migration that is more general and covers all types of movements from one place to another
Circulation – a circular movement that recurs on a regular basis (daily, monthly, or annually)

3. Why do people migrate? Push Factors Pull Factors
Emigration and immigration
Change in residence.
Relative to origin and destination.
Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s

4. Push – Pull Factors
Push Factors induce people to move away from their present location – loss of job, unstable environment, loss of resources
Pull Factors induce people to move into a new location – new job, more favorable environment, family / friends

5. Types of Push – Pull Factors
Economic – job opportunities, employment availability, advancement, education
Cultural – historically has been about slavery and political instability (the refugee who has been forced to move and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, or political opinion)
Environmental – isolation, weather, floods, famines, drought, no longer suited to sustaining life

6. Types of Migration Voluntary migration Forced Migration
The migrant makes the decision to move.
Most migration is voluntary.
Push and Pull Factors determine whom and where.
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process.
Slavery or Internment
About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867.
In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
Refugees
Military conscription
Children of migrants

7. World Refugee Patterns, 2007
Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition.

8. Types of Migration Circular migration A type of temporary migration.
Fall / Winter
Spring
Summer
Circular migration
A type of temporary migration.
Associated with agricultural work.
The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time.
Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

9. Types of Migration Migrant Workers in the US and Europe
These workers intend to stay only until they save enough money to return to their homeland with wealth.
Common in the U.S. with Italians between Common now with workers from Latin American countries south of Mexico.
Remittances are a substantial part of the economy of some migrant source countries.

10. Distance of Migration - Internal Migration
Internal migration – permanent movement within the same country
Interregional migration – movement from one region in the country to another (VA to WA or NY to GA)
Intraregional migration – movement within the same region (VA to GA or CA to WA)

11. Distance of Migration – International Migration
International migration – permanent movement from one country to another
Migration Transition are the changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition
Most migration takes place in Stage 2 where the NIR is high due to a decline in the CDR; these migration patterns are a consequence of technological changes in the old (health care) and new country (technology induced jobs)

12. Distance of Migration
Voluntary migration indicates that the migrant has chosen to make the move, usually for economic reasons
Forced migration indicates that the migrant has been compelled to make the move, such as a refugee

13. Key Term: Forced Migration Normally associated with slavery between 1500-1800

14. Slaves Reaching British North America, 1601-1867 (in 1,000s)
Source: The William and Mary Quarterly, 68.1, January 2001.

15. Forced Migration
The Trail of Tears, 1838

16. Where are the migrants distributed?
Global Migration Patterns
US Immigration Patterns
Colonial Immigration from England and Africa
19th Century Immigration from Europe
Recent Immigration from LDC’s
Impact of Immigration on the US
Legacy of European Migration
Illegal Immigration in the US
Destination of Immigrants within the US

17. Global Migration Patterns
The country with the largest number of international migrants is the US
The 3 largest flows of migrants are to Europe from Asia and to the US from Asia and Latin America
The US has more foreign-born residents than any other country

18. World Migration Routes Since 1700
Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition.
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants

19. From 1900-1920 the largest immigration to the US came from Southern and Eastern European countries

20. Ellis Island National Monument
U.S. Immigration
Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Great Britain
: W and N European transitioning to S and E Europe by 1910
Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans
During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.)
Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans
3 leading sources of Asians: China, India, and the Philippines
Vietnam and South Korea (cultural push factors)
Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti
Ellis Island National Monument

21. U.S. Immigration
Ellis Island – once disputed territory between New York and New Jersey was the entrance to the “promised land” by millions of European immigrants
Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods are often a result of chain migration
Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York
Caribbean: Florida or New York
Chinese and Indians: New York & California
Other Asians (Filipino, Vietnamese, etc.): California

22. Unauthorized Immigration to the United States
Persons entering the US without proper documentation are referred to as undocumented or unauthorized immigrants
Individual states attract immigrants from different countries; i.e., CA and TX – Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala; FL – Cuba, Columbia, Haiti, Dominican Republic; CA and NY – China and India
Even Mexico estimates over 2 million undocumented immigrants cross it’s southern borders – the ultimate destination for those migrants is still the United States

23. Immigration – Independent Study
For the next 2-1/2 weeks you will be working on a historical independent unit of study on immigration in the United States.
See Unit PowerPoint and instructions.

24. US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050
Source: US Census Bureau.
Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

25. Source: US Census Bureau.

26. Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998
Source: INS.

27. Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s)
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.

28. What about other countries like, say, Armenia?
Visit the Migration Policy Institute web page “Who’s Where in the U.S.?” for details about the destination of many other groups:
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.

29. How about the Phillipines?
Visit the Migration Policy Institute web page “Who’s Where in the U.S.?” for details about the destination of many other groups:
About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart.
Source: US INS.

30. Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %)
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
Source: US Census Bureau, 2000.

31. Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s)
Source: The Economist, March 11th 2000.

32. Why Do Migrants Face Obstacles?
Immigration Policies of Host Countries
US Quota Laws
Temporary Migration for Work
Distinguishing Between Economic Migrants and Refugees
Cultural Challenges Faced While Living in Other Countries
US Attitudes Toward Immigrants
Attitudes Toward Guest Workers

33. US Quota Laws
Laws establishing maximum limits on the number of people who enter the US from each country during a 1 year period is a quota.
Unrestricted immigration to the US “ended” when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924.
Because of the 2%-Native Born Persons rule, most all immigration to the US had to be from Europe

34. U.S. Immigration Policies
1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended)
1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas
1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas
1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West
1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000
1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum
1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals.
1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000
1995, visas issued Preferentially:
480,000 - to relatives of people here
140,000 - to those with special skills and education
55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia)
Current Total: 675,000

35. Quota Law Loopholes ?
Asia: Many well educated Asians enter the US under the preference for skilled workers.
Once admitted, they can bring relatives under the family-reunification provisions of the quota.
Eventually, these newly entered relatives bring in other relatives . . .and so on.

36. Brain Drain Large scale emigration by talented people
Professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities
US and Europe give preference to skilled workers and professionals who are young and well educated
This results in the home country losing some of their best economic talent

37. Temporary Migration for Work
Guest workers in Europe and the Middle East
Historically from Asia
Citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in W Europe and the Middle East are known as Guest Workers and are protected by minimum wage laws and labor union contracts
Foreign born workers comprise half the labor force in Luxembourg, 1/6 in Switzerland, 1/10 in Austria, Belgium, and Germany

38. Guest Workers (?)
In W Europe – guest workers take low-status and low-skilled jobs that locals won’t accept; i.e., driving buses, collecting garbage, repairing streets, washing dishes, etc
Relatively low pay by European standards, but guest workers earn more than they would at home
The home country reduces their own unemployment problems
Guest workers send home a large percentage of their foreign income that helps stimulate the economy in the home country.
Most guest workers come from N Africa, the Middle East, Eastern Europe, and especially Asia (US – China – the railroads ?)

39. Distinguishing Between Economic Migrants and Refugees
Important because the US, Canada, and W European countries treat the two groups differently
Economic migrants not admitted unless they possess special skills or have a close relative already there
Refugees receive special priority in admission to countries based on the danger of returning to their home country

40. Emigrants from Cuba
Considered political refugees after the Communist government installed Fidel Castro as dictator in 1959
; 600,00 Cubans were admitted to the US mostly settling in S Florida
1980; 125,000 more Cubans left Cuba when Castro allowed political prisoners, criminals, and mental patients to leave the country from a port called Mariel (Mariel Boatlift)
1987; 20,000 Cubans per year are permitted to immigrate to the US

41. Emigrants from Haiti
and Haiti was governed by a dictator Francois Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude respectively.
Political opponents were persecuted much in the same way as those in Cuba.
1981; after the Mariel Boatlift from Cuba, Haitian emigrants sailed from Haiti to the US. The US cited that Haiti was not under Communist rule as was Cuba, and sent the Haitians back.
The Haitians brought a lawsuit against the US and the government settled by allowing some of the Haitians to stay.
1991; military coup replaced the Duvalier’s with elections but some Haitians still tried to emigrate reinforcing the US view that it is economic factors not political persecution that drives emigration from poorer countries

42. Emigrants from Vietnam
1975; Communist controlled N Vietnam captured S Vietnam’s capital city of Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City)
US evacuated several thousand people who had been closely identified the Americans and would be vulnerable to political persecution by the Communists
Those who were not politically prominent enough to get space on an American helicopter tried to leave by boat
Late 1980’s; as memories of the Vietnam War began to fade, another surge of emigrants were no longer considered refugees or “boat people”
Placed in detention camps monitored by the UN until they could be sent back to Vietnam
Economic “pull” is a greater incentive than the political “push

43. Why Do People Migrate Within a Country?
Migration Between Regions of a Country
Migration Between Regions Within the US
Migration Between Regions in Other Countries
Migration Within One Region
Migration from Rural to Urban Areas
Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas
Migration from Urban to Rural Areas

44. Migration Between Regions Within the US
An especially prominent example of large-scale internal migration was the opening of the American West.
Corp of Discovery
Westward Migration (i.e., the Donner Party)
Manifest Destiny
California Gold Rush
Trans-continental Railroad

45. Interregional Migrations
U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward – the center of our population has consistently shifted westward, although the rate of movement has varied in different eras.

46. Voluntary African-American Migrations
African-Americans moved to The Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and California during labor shortages.
The culture of the receiving regions was affected by these changes. Can you think of specific cultural traits that were added to the new regions by the arrival of large numbers of African-Americans?

47. Internal Migrations in LDCs
Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income.
Urbanization
migration from rural areas
lack of jobs in countryside
lack of services in cities
Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list

48. Migration Between Regions in Other Countries
Russia – development in the “Far North” which includes Siberia because it is rich in natural resources
Brazil – to increase attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1960 from Rio to a newly build city called Brasilia situated 600 miles from the Atlantic Coast.
Indonesia – to curb overpopulation on Java, a government incentive gives people a one-way ticket, 5 acres of land, materials to build a house, seeds and pesticides, and food (a years worth of rice) to tide them over until the crops are ready.

49. Migrations Between Regions in Other Countries
Europe – Most Europeans migrate for economic reasons from Eastern and Southern European countries to Western and Northern countries where job prospects are better
India – Governments limit the ability of Indians to migrate from one region to another in order to protect some ethnic identities in certain areas

50. Migration Within One Region
Worldwide, the most prominent type of intraregional migration is from rural areas to urban areas.
But, in the US, the principle intraregional migration is from cities to suburbs.

51. Internal (interregional) Migrations in U.S.
U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs
Americans are pulled by a suburban lifestyle:
detached houses
private yards
garages or driveways
less traffic
less crime
modern schools
access to jobs
shopping
recreational facilities
U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.