1. Environmental Science – Unit 4 Part 1 Ecology

2. Opening Assignment What is biodiversity and why is it so important to ecosystem stability?

3. Copy the questions below to answer with “The Threats of Overfishing: Consequences at the Commercial Level” article 1.What is overfishing? 2.What are 2 impacts overfishing can have on our oceans? 3.How has fishing changed from a sustainable practice to one that threatens life in the ocean? 4.What is bycatch? Give an example of 3 organisms that are considered bycatch. 5.What is bottom trawling and how does it affect marine ecosystems? 6.Give 3 examples of specific marine organisms that are at risk of extinction due to overfishing. 7.How is the process of nutrient recycling affected by overfishing? 8.What is sustainable fishing?

4. Crash Course Ecology http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Crash +Course+Ecology+Levels+of+Organization&For m=VQFRVP#view=detail&mid=EDC041B998EB 81E76906EDC041B998EB81E76906 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=Crash +Course+Ecology+Levels+of+Organization&For m=VQFRVP#view=detail&mid=EDC041B998EB 81E76906EDC041B998EB81E76906 \

5. Opening Assignment: Explain in your own words what the term “ecology” means. You can google the term if you do not remember it from biology.

6. Unit 4 Part 1 Ecology Review Student Learning Goals: Students will be able to Identify the roles of organisms in an ecosystem and explain how energy is transferred within it. Describe the cause and effect process of biological magnification. Explain how human activity can negatively effect healthy ecosystems.

7. Ecology- the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment What is Ecology? Notes

8. Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors- the nonliving parts of the environment. They include: Sunlight Water Temperature Wind Soil type The atmosphere The types and amounts of abiotic factors that are available in an ecosystem help determine which organisms can live there. Notes

9. Biotic Factors biotic factors- all the living things or once-living things in an environment. Ex: Animals Plants Bacteria Fungi Notes

10. Organization In The Environment The biosphere consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. Notes

11. Biome — a geographic area that contain groups of ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features. Terrestrial (land) Biomes include: Forests Deserts Tundra Grasslands Notes

12. Aquatic Biomes include: Marine Freshwater (rivers & lakes) Estuaries (mix of fresh and salt water)

13. Ecosystem—all the organisms that live in a place, together with their physical environment(abiotic factors) The types and amounts of abiotic factors that are available in an ecosystem help determine which organisms can live there Notes

14. A species’ tolerance for environmental conditions, then, helps determine its habitat— the general place where an organism lives. Notes

15. Community—All the populations of species that live in the same area and interact Notes

16. Population-a group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area Notes

17. Organism- any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual Notes

18. Made of many smaller habitats

19. Let’s review.... 1. The study of the interaction between organisms and their environment is called ____________. 2. A pod of dolphins is called a _________________. 3.The Indian River Lagoon is considered an _______________________. 4.A single individual horseshoe crab is called an ___________________. 5.ALL living things are part of the _____________ of Earth.

20. Ecology - Energy, Producers, and Consumers All Life on Earth needs energy for cell processes. For most life on Earth, sunlight is the ultimate energy source. Organisms get energy by using light or chemical energy to make food or by eating other organisms

21. PRODUCERS Producers change the energy available in their environment into food energy. They make their own food (autotrophs) Plants, algae, and some microorganisms use a chemical process called photosynthesis to change light energy into chemical energy (Glucose) This process adds oxygen to the atmosphere and removes carbon dioxide. Notes

22. Producers That Use Sunlight cyanobacteria Algal colony phytoplankton Plants & Trees

23. Life Without Light Biologists have discovered thriving ecosystems around volcanic vents in total darkness on the deep ocean floor. Deep-sea ecosystems depend on primary producers that harness chemical energy from inorganic molecules such as hydrogen sulfide. The use of chemical energy to produce carbohydrates is called chemosynthesis. giant tube worms live in symbiosis with the chemosynthetic bacteria Notes

24. Consumers Consumers- organisms that cannot make their own food and get their energy from eating other organisms. (heterotrophs) Producers and Consumers use the chemical process of Cellular Respiration to break down food in the presence of oxygen to produce energy.

25. Types of Consumers Consumers are classified by the ways in which they acquire energy and nutrients. Herbivores-obtain energy and nutrients by eating plant leaves, roots, seeds, or fruits. Notes

26. Types of Consumers Carnivores- kill and eat other consumers (animals) Notes

27. Omnivores: use both plants and animals as food to create energy Types of Consumers Notes

28. Types of Consumers Decomposers -such as bacteria and fungi, feed by chemically breaking down organic matter. The decay caused by decomposers is part of the process that produces detritus— small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animal remains. Decomposers that live on, and in, detritus particles are called Detrivores. They feed on detritus particles, often chewing or grinding them into smaller pieces. Ex: giant earthworms Notes

29. Population Ecology http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=cras h%20course%20ecology&qs=n&form=QBVR& pq=crash%20course%20ecology&sc=8- 20&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=E1060597F1EB6653 2CA5E1060597F1EB66532CA5 http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=cras h%20course%20ecology&qs=n&form=QBVR& pq=crash%20course%20ecology&sc=8- 20&sp=- 1&sk=#view=detail&mid=E1060597F1EB6653 2CA5E1060597F1EB66532CA5

30. Opening Assignment 1.List the levels of organization of life from organism to biosphere. 2.Look at the Everglades ecosystem food web on the right and list the following: 2 producers:______________________ 2 primary consumers:______________ 2 secondary consumers:____________ List 1 herbivore:___________________ List 2 carnivores:__________________ List 1 omnivore:___________________

31. Each time one organism eats another organism, a transfer of energy occurs Food chain- models how energy flows in an ecosystem through a linear feeding relationship. Energy Flow in Ecosystems Notes

32. Food Webs Food web- links all of the food chains in an ecosystem together. It shows many feeding relationships that are possible in an ecosystem An example of a food web in the Everglades is shown. Notes

33. Trophic Levels and Energy Pyramids Energy pyramids- show the amount of food energy (biomass) available at each trophic level Each time energy is transferred from one organism to another, lost and less energy is available at the next trophic level. Notes

34. Biomass Biomass is the total amount of organic matter available in a trophic level. Three hundred trout are needed to support one man for a year. The trout, in turn, must consume 90,000 frogs, that must consume 27 million grasshoppers that live off of 1,000 tons of grass. -- G. Tyler Miller, Jr., American Chemist (1971) Notes

35. Trophic Levels and Energy Pyramids Each step in a food chain or food web is called a trophic level. Primary producers always make up the first trophic level. Various consumers occupy every other level Notes

36. Trophic Levels and Energy Pyramids Energy is lost:  as heat  through cellular respiration. o this energy is used to carry out functions of living things such as producing new cells, regulation of body temperature, and moving around Notes

37. Trophic Levels and Energy Pyramids The remaining 10% of the energy becomes part of the organism’s body and is stored in its molecules. This 10% is available to the next trophic level when one organism consumes another organism Notes

38. What is Biomagnification? Biological magnification is the increasing concentration of a pollutant in organisms at higher levels because the pollutants are ingested but not secreted. In the example the eagle eats the fish that have eaten the insects that have been exposed. The fish will eat many insects that may have been exposed and the eagle will eat many fish that have eaten the insects. This will cause the amount of toxins in the larger animals to be significantly higher in percentage than the percentage in the smaller ones. Notes

39. Biomagnification in action

40. Diversity and Stability The more diverse a food web (ecosystem) is the more stable it is. Notes

41. Biodiversity and stability The more diverse a population is, the less susceptible it is to risk of extinction. For example: The fact that there are three types of warbler species enable the population to not be as affected if a natural event or disease hits the population because each sub-species has a small genetic variation (adaptation) that may enable it to survive over the others. (natural selection) Notes

42. Niche A niche is the range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce. Every species has its own range of tolerance, the ability to survive and reproduce under a range of environmental circumstances. Notes

43. Resources and the Niche The term resource can refer to any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

44. Predator – Prey Relationships An interaction in which one animal (the predator) captures and feeds on another animal (the prey) is called predation. Predators can affect the size of prey populations in a community and determine the places prey can live and feed. Birds of prey, for example, can play an important role in regulating the population sizes of mice, voles, and other small mammals. Notes

45. Competition When two organisms compete for limited resources (food, water, light, space) and one wins and the other loses it is called competition.

46. Symbiotic Relationships Biologists recognize three main classes of symbiotic relationships in nature: mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis, which means “living together.” Notes

47. 3 Types of Symbiosis Mutualism: When both organisms benefit + Parasitism: when one benefits and the other is harmed +  Commensalism: When one organism benefits and the other is not effected + :/ Notes

48. Practice - Symbiotic relationships The sea anemone’s sting has two functions: to capture prey and to protect the anemone from predators. Even so, certain fish manage to snack on anemone tentacles. The clownfish, however, is immune to anemone stings. When threatened by a predator, clownfish seek shelter by snuggling deep into an anemone’s tentacles. If an anemone-eating species tries to attack the anemone, the clownfish dart out and chase away the predators. What kind of relationship is this?

49. Tapeworms live in the intestines of mammals, where they absorb large amounts of their hosts’ food. Fleas, ticks, lice, and the leech shown, live on the bodies of mammals and feed on their blood and skin. Both of these scenarios involve one organism benefiting and the other being harmed. What type of relationship is this? Practice - Symbiotic relationships

50. Barnacles often attach themselves to a whale’s skin. They perform no known service to the whale, nor do they harm it. Yet the barnacles benefit from the constant movement of water— that is full of food particles—past the swimming whale. What type of relationship is this? Practice - Symbiotic relationships

51. Carrying Capacity Carrying capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support. Once a population reaches the carrying capacity of its environment, a variety of factors act to stabilize it at that size. Notes

52. Limiting Factors A limiting factor is a factor that controls the growth of a population. There are two types of limiting factors that control the growth of a population – density dependent factors and density independent factors. Notes

53. Density-Dependent Limiting Factors Density-dependent limiting factors operate strongly only when population density—the number of organisms per unit area— reaches a certain level. These factors do not affect small, scattered populations as much. Density-dependent limiting factors include competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease, and stress from overcrowding.

54. Density-Independent Limiting Factors Density-independent limiting factors affect all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size and density. Unusual weather such as hurricanes, droughts, or floods, and natural disasters such as wildfires, can act as density-independent limiting factors.

55. Limiting Factors Chart Density Dependent The amount it affects a population is dependent on the size of the population. Examples: competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, disease, and stress from overcrowding. Density Independent Affects all populations the same way. Examples: Unusual weather such as hurricanes, droughts, or floods, and natural disasters such as wildfires. Notes

56. Let’s review A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits which the other one is not affected is called _____________________. ________________________ is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that a particular environment can support. Where are primary consumers located on the trophic level pyramid? How much energy is available from one trophic level to the next?

57. One more... If producers have 10,000kcal of available energy. How much would primary consumers have to use? ____________ Tertiary consumers? ____________

58. Opening Assignment 1.What is biomagnification?

59. Biomagnification Activity In this activity you will be simulating the process of Biological Magnification in an ecosystem. When a pollutant or toxin enters the environment it affects all living things. It especially affects the larger animals such as panthers, eagles, alligators, and HUMANS! Problem question: Which animal in a food chain has the most amount of pollution or toxins in their system?

60. Hypothesis If toxins.... #4 has already been done for you so you will use the numbers below to fill in the chart under “maximum amount of pieces each animal (cup) can hold” Shrimp (small cup): 132 Fish (medium cup): 298 Eagle (large cup): 688

61. Ecology Vocabulary review Part 1 1.An ________________________ is a single individual that is capable of performing all of life processes. 2.A ____________________________ is a group of more than 2 types of species living together in an area. 3.____________________________ is the study of living things and how they interact with their environment. 4.A ______________________ factor is living, like plants, animals, and bacteria. 5.A_________________________ is a smaller general area within a larger ecosystem. 6.A __________________________ is a large area with many smaller habitats within it. 7.A __________________________ factor is a nonliving part of an ecosystem like water, soil, air. 8.A group of a single type of species living in the same area is called a ___________________________. (Example: you) 9.All the life on Earth is part of this system __________________________________. 10.A geographic area that is made of many ecosystems is called a ___________________________. (Example: Grasslands)

62. Ecology Vocabulary review Part 2 1.An organism that cannot make its own food and must consume other organisms is called a __________________. 2.The total amount of organic matter available in a trophic level is called _________________________. 3.The maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support is called ____________________________. 4.A factor that limits population growth and is based on the population size is called a ______________________ 5.________________________________________________________________. 6.A factor that limits population growth but affects all populations in the same way regardless of the size of the population is called a ___________________________________________________________________ _____. 7. An organism that can make its own food by changing energy in their environment into chemical energy is called a ______________________. 8. Bacteria that survive by breaking down living organism are called _________________________. 9.The increasing concentration of a pollutant in organisms at higher trophic levels is called _____________________________________

63. Ecology Vocabulary review Part 3 1.A relationship where organisms live together __________________________________. 2. A feeding relationship where one organism hunts and eats another ________________________________. 3. A relationship where organisms compete for limited resources is called ______________________________. 4. A relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is not affected is called _______________________ 5.A relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is harmed is called ____________________________. 6.A relationship between organisms where both organisms benefit is called _____________________________. 7.The range of physical and biological conditions in which a species lives and the way the species obtains what it needs to survive and reproduce is a _________________________________. 8.Organisms that can make their own food are called ____________________________. 9.Organisms that cannot make their own food and must get energy from eating other organisms are called ___________________________

64. Biomagnification http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK 0LS6oySHc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rK 0LS6oySHc

65. Crash Course in Ecology Ecosystem Ecology: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3 KGM&index=7&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiI YXpV9w4WxbX https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v6ubvEJ3 KGM&index=7&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtNdTKZkV_GiI YXpV9w4WxbX

66. Opening Assignment Study for your Ecology vocabulary quiz today After the quiz we will be starting an Endangered Species project

67. Opening Assignment A common area is any resource which is shared by a group of people, cities, states, or countries. Such things as the air we breathe and the water we drink come from the commons. List 2 common areas here at IRCHS. How are these areas overused by some leaving less for others?

68. Tragedy of the Commons Activity Easter Island Overview https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v40kCIpg EWw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v40kCIpg EWw