HIST 1301 UNIT 1 Chapters 1,2,3,4.

HIST UNIT 1 Chapters 1,2,3,4

Three Societies on the Verge of Contact
Chapter 1 Three Societies on the Verge of Contact

Crossed land bridge called Beringia (Siberia) following large mammals
Most accepted theory of where and how the first settlers came to North America Crossed land bridge called Beringia (Siberia) following large mammals

Kennewick Man His discovery called into question several assumptions that scientists had held

Paleo-Indian era (15,000-10,000 BCE)
one thing we know for sure is that the greatest number of people came between 20,000 and 10,000 BCE Paleo-Indians – what we call the initial North American settlers Wide range of life styles Many languages and belief systems Agriculture allowed them to remain in a single area for years © iStockphoto.com/Joe Potato

The development of maize was a remarkable feat of genetic engineering.
The Archaic Era: Forging an Agricultural Society (10,000–2,500 years ago) The development of maize was a remarkable feat of genetic engineering. Sedentary existence – stayed in one place long enough to grow their food—allowed early Americans to start permanent villages Maize enabled the Olmec to establish the Mesoamerican civilization in what is now present-day Mexico © iStockphoto.com/Carla Lisinki

The Pre-Columbian Era: Developing Civilizations (500 BCE–1492 CE)
Maya – Central America and the Yucatan cities written language numerical system with zero accurate calendar © iStockphoto.com/Soren Pilman

Aztec central and southern Mexico
capital Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) 100,000 + very warlike religion required human sacrifice Aztecs had a large state society but their gods craved human flesh, especially human hearts. Job of priests: To satisfy craving of gods for human flesh If craving not satisfied, gods would destroy the world. Prisoners held down on top of pyramid temples, heart cut out still beating, offered to gods. Body of prisoner rolled down pyramid, head cut off and displayed, flesh redistributed for meat. Cortez found 136,000 heads of sacrificial victims

Chaco Canyon - Anasazi (Pueblo) - known for Great Houses

- eight miles east of St. Louis - largest Mississippian city
Mississippians Accurate calendar pyramids Cahokia - eight miles east of St. Louis - largest Mississippian city

Why did these early pre-Columbian civilizations decline?
Outgrew their capacity to produce food??? Battles with enemy tribes??? Droughts???

Tribes of North America, 1492
Social similarities: clan system – large family groups mostly matrilineal – children typically followed the clan of their mother; a man, when married, moved into the clan of his wife Religion: polytheistic: many deities animistic: supernatural beings inhabit all objects and govern their actions

political and trading entity of northeastern tribes
North America in 1492 “Their cabins are in the shape of tunnels [tonnelles] or arbors, and are covered with the bark of trees. They are from twenty-five to thirty fathoms long, more or less, and six wide, having a passage-way through the middle from ten to twelve feet wide, which extends from one end to the other. On the sides there is a kind of bench, four feet high, where they sleep in summer, in order to avoid the annoyance of the fleas, of which there are great numbers. In winter they sleep on the ground on mats near the fire, so as to be warmer than they would be on the platform.” –French explorer Samuel de Champlain, 1616, referring to an Iroquois longhouse Iroquois Confederacy political and trading entity of northeastern tribes © Stock Montage, Inc./Alamy

The High Plains The Northwest © iStockphoto.com/Alex Pitt

European observer (1599) description of Pueblo
“live very much the same as we do” Why? They were one of the few Indian societies to have men, not women, practice agriculture.

Property Property Could not be privately owned
Could be used by everyone when needed

Africa in the Fifteenth Century
most of the immigrants who came to North America between the 16th and 18th centuries came as slaves from Africa Greatly affected by Islam

Ghana was especially famous for its gold
Mali : Timbuktu became Africa’s cultural and artistic capital © Asante mask, from Ghana (gold), African/ Private Colelction, Photo © Boltin Picture Library/ The Bridgeman Art Library

Majority of Africans that came to America came from lower Guinea
possessed slaves themselves – war or debt – not for life most did not embrace Islam

Europe was an economic and intellectual backwater in comparison to Chin, the countries of Northern Africa, and parts of the Middle East up until the 12th Century. Feudalism Feudalism was the system of loyalties and protections during the Middle Ages. As the Roman Empire crumbled, emperors granted land to nobles (vassal) in exchange for their loyalty. These lands eventually developed into manors. A manor is the land owned by a noble and everything on it. A typical manor consisted of a castle, small village, and farmland. The laborers in the feudal system were called serfs who were both protected and controlled by the vassal of the estate. © Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY

Four causes of the decline of feudalism…
Expanding trade: mercantilism -- theory that a nation’s prosperity was determine by the total volume of its trade The Crusades: series of campaigns in which Europeans marched to the Middle East in an effort to take control of the Holy Land which was under the control of the Muslims The Black Death – bubonic plague, which started to spread in 1346 and eventually killed one-third of all Europeans The Hundred Years’ War – war between France and England in the 14th Century over who controlled the French throne

Role of Women in Europe Different from Africa or Indians of the Americas because women rarely participated in political life or tilled the fields

Expansion of European cities during the 13th through 15th Centuries gave the serfs the ability to earn money at the market (by selling their surplus agriculture), which allowed them to purchase their freedom from the declining feudal lords

The Renaissance About 1450, European scholars became more interested in studying the world around them. Their art became more true to life. They began to explore new lands. The new age in Europe was eventually called “the Renaissance.” Renaissance is a French word that means “rebirth.” Historians consider the Renaissance to be the beginning of modern history.

The Decline of Catholic Europe
Two impulses collided to challenge the authority of the Catholic church Christian humanism -- a renewed belief in the importance of the singular individual as, opposed to the institution of the Church – new interest in the sciences, which began to challenge Christianity as a worldly authority Humans’ relationship with God – selling of indulgences – practice pf popes using their authority to limit the time a person’s soul spent in purgatory, in exchange for cash

The Decline of Catholic Europe
Martin Luther took advantage of the invention of the printing press to advocate that scripture be read in local vernacular languages like German and English rather than Latin. Protestant Reformation Invention of the printing press Martin Luther: salvation by faith alone John Calvin: predestination Central authority was the Bible, not Church leaders The Reformation was important for two reasons: 1. It hastened the development of nationalism by fragmenting the unity of Catholic authority over Europe 2. It triggered several vicious battles over religion – provoked people to leave Europe in search of religious freedom

Europe in 1492 Spain was the most powerful nation in Europe
France was the largest Portugal had the advantage of superior nautical craftsmanship The printing press helped democratize knowledge, allowing scientists to share discoveries and news in many vernacular languages England not as powerful as most of the rest of the countries because it had been divided by internal religious wars

Contact and Settlement 1492–1660
Chapter 2 Contact and Settlement 1492–1660

Reasons Europeans sought to explore lands outside Europe:
Alleviate a trade deficit (and increase wealth) Spread Christianity Marco Polo was the first to suggest a western route to the Orient © iStockphoto.com/cornelius30

Prince Henry the Navigator – Portuguese – Eastern route
Vasco da Gama – first to sail around tip of Africa to India © EON IMAGES

Portuguese control of the island of Sao Tome
Led to the first modern economy depended primarily on slave labor

Christopher Columbus Italian that sailed for Spain – looking for westward route to the Far East Ended up off the North American coast in the Bahamas Called inhabitants Indios (Indians) © The Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Resource, NY

Amerigo Vespucci cartographer Martin Wardseemüller to label the new continent "America" in 1507 Somehow an account of a 1497 voyage was published, and Wardseemüller came to believe that Vespucci had commanded the expedition and had reached the New World before Christopher Columbus, who found the mainland in Wardseemüller named the continent America and the label stuck. Vespucci is said to have made a guess at the world's circumference that was accurate within 50 miles. His real achievement seems to be that he concluded America had to be a new continent and not the eastern part of Asia, as Columbus believed. An honored citizen in Spain, Vespucci spent the years after his voyages as a maritime official for King Ferdinand.

First European to discover the Pacific Ocean (South Sea – Mar del Sur)
Balboa First European to discover the Pacific Ocean (South Sea – Mar del Sur)

Magellan First to circumnavigate the world. Killed in the Philippines

Line of Demarcation Alberto Cantino, Fragment of world map, 1502
Line of Demarcation Alberto Cantino, Fragment of world map, This map reflects the rivalry over 'wealth of the Indies'. It was the first map to show explicitly the papal demarcation line separating Portuguese (east of line) and Spanish (west of line) possessions according to the Treaty of Tordesillas of All of Brazil went to Portugal, while Spain had claim to Central and North America

Spanish Expansion into North America Spain established the first colonies in North America Conquistadors - mostly minor noblemen who led private armies to the New World Encomienda - tribute, usually payable in gold or slaves, demanded of conquered Indian villages by the conquistadors Viceroy - representative of the Spanish crown who governed conquered Indian villages

Cortes Conquers the Aztec
When Moctezuma first learned of the Spanish arrival, he believed that Cortes might be Quetzalcoatl (keht sahl koh AHTL), an ancient god who had returned to earth to control the Aztec kingdom. Moctezuma welcomed the Spanish into Tenochtitlan (the Aztec capital)

Pizarro conquered the Inca in South America (Peru)
The Inca gave Pizarro 24 tons of gold and silver as a ransom for Athualpa, but he was not released. The Spanish later tied him to a stake and strangled him.

St. Augustine, Florida important to Spanish as an outpost guarding against attack
Santa Fe, New Mexico Occupied by Spanish to secure the region against intruders

5 principal results of the initial Spanish conquest:
Financial Influx of minerals made Spain one of the wealthiest nations in the world Sudden abundance of silver caused inflation, which hurt European laborers and landless agricultural workers and many were driven to emigrate to the Americas in search of a new life

Biological Columbian Exchange – agricultural products, domesticated animals, and microbial diseases crossed over from one civilization to the other

Racial Mestizo – mixture of Spanish with Indian African slaves introduced

4. Religious Spanish destroyed Indian temples and replaced them with Catholic cathedrals Indians able to accept Catholic faith once it had been hybridized (transforming Catholic saints into spiritual likenesses of their preexisting gods and goddesses 5. Geopolitical The long reign of Elizabeth I stabilized the political situation in England, so now England could participate wholeheartedly in New World ventures

The French in the New World
Looking for Northwest Passage: river that would lead them through what is now Canada to the Pacific Ocean Never found Northwest Passage, but did find furs which helped them economically Quebec founded in 1608 Courier de bois

England in the New World
4 key reasons why the English became more interested in exploration in the mid-1500s Religious: Queen Elizabeth I support of the Reformation turned England into Europe’s leading opponent of the increasingly powerful Catholic Spain Social: impoverished seeking to escape poverty by leaving England Economic: looking for new markets for their cloth; looking for raw materials Geopolitical: Queen Elizabeth’s durability (50+ years); defeat of Spanish Armada made England a sea power

England’s Wealth in the New World
Came from: Prolonged colonization The development of substantial economies The exploitation of agricultural resources

Roanoke Colony established by Sir Walter Raleigh (Lost Colony) What became of the colonists left at the stockade on Roanoke Island? No one knows. Two lessons from failure at Roanoke Formula for successful English colonization would not be quick strikes for gold but rather a plantation model that would createt self-sustaining settlements More than one person needed to fund the ventures – joint stock companies (sold stock to individuals to raise money)

Why is 1607 often regarded as the first year of American history
Why is 1607 often regarded as the first year of American history? (Virginia) First permanent English settlement established at Jamestown Captain John Smith put in charge to make settlement work. Starving time winter of when many starved Jamestown’s success depended on two things: Indian relations tobacco

Virginia Tobacco was a currency, also used to pay fines and taxes. For example, persons encouraging slave meetings were to be fined 1,000 pounds of tobacco; owners letting slaves keep horses were fined 500 pounds tobacco; if a person wanted to become married, he had to go to the rector of his parish and pay the man so many pounds of tobacco.

Virginia At the age of twenty-one, Pocahontas visited London, where she was presented to King James I and the court. In March 1617, she and her husband, John Rolfe, departed for home, but it soon became clear that Pocahontas would not survive the voyage. She died of pneumonia or tuberculosis and was taken ashore and buried far from her home.

Indentured Servants Slaves cost too much so system of labor called indentured servitude was expanded English and Irish poor sold their labor for four to seven years to a farmer who would fund their voyage across the Atlantic head right: 50 acres of land to any individual who paid their own passage

Growth of Jamestown had 3 major consequences:
Increased hostility with the Indians Change to royal control (governor chosen by the King) because the Virginia Company went bankrupt House of Burgesses – First colonial assembly Introduction of African slavery

Maryland Granted to Lord Baltimore by the King as a haven for Catholics First proprietary colony : colony overseen by a proprietor who was allowed to control and distribute the land as he wished Toleration Act of 1649 : granted freedom of worship to anyone who accepted the divinity of Jesus Christ

Massachusetts Puritans
Groups that thought England had not gone far enough in separating from the Catholic Church: wanted to reform or purify the Church of England Separatists: wished to separate completely from the Church of England Mayflower: ship on which the separatists came to the New World Ended up where they should not have been so they created the Mayflower Compact (agreement for democratic rule in Massachusetts) Settled the Plymouth Colony Helped by local Indians the first winter – first Thanksgiving Non-Separatist : led by John Winthrop Massachusetts Bay Colony : “city upon a hill” Politically, Massachusetts was a theocracy: believed in a state that forced all of its inhabitants to hold a specific religious orthodoxy within an established church

Dissenters in Massachusetts
Roger Williams Founded Rhode Island He preached first at Salem, then at Plymouth, then back to Salem, always at odds with the structured Puritans. When he was about to be deported back to England, Roger fled southwest out of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was befriended by local Indians and eventually settled at the headwaters of what is now Narragansett Bay, after he learned that his first settlement on the east bank of the Seekonk River was within the boundaries of the Plymouth Colony. Roger purchased land from the Narragansett Chiefs, Canonicus and Miantonomi and named his settlement Providence in thanks to God.

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial
Anne Hutchinson, a married woman who worked as a midwife, was banished to Rhode Island from Massachusetts after she dissented against the church. Anne asserted the ideology of Antinomianism, or the philosophy that only God, not ministers determined who merited grace. Instead of a single orthodox scripture, this belief suggests that humankind’s relationship with God was a continual process of divine revelation. © North Wind Picture Archives/Alamy

Chapter 3 Expansion and Its Costs

Central ideas of the American Revolution were founded on concepts that came from the type of government called a commonwealth that Oliver Cromwell wanted to set up in England. It would be founded on concepts like taxation only with representation, limited government, and antimonarchical beliefs.

The Restoration was the reestablishment of the monarchy in England after the English Civil War. It was significant for colonial North America because King Charles II used the colonies to tighten control of his leadership and to pay off debts incurred during his fight to recover the throne

Navigation Acts Trade regulations that:
dictated where colonial producers could ship their goods, stipulated that colonists must transport their goods in English ships, and listed a group of enumerated articles (tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo) that colonists could sell only to England.

Proprietary Colonies Colonies owned and ruled by an individual or a private corporation rather than by the Crown

Restoration Colonies Those created during and after the Restoration Carolina (North and South New York Pennysylvania East and West Jersey (New Jersey) Georgia (founded after the Restoration)

Carolina Eight proprietors
Constitution drafted by the philosopher John Locke Failed because the proprietors misunderstood that the American context of abundant land would not accommodate the hierarchical society of England with its noble titles and haughty proprietors Distinction of being America’s first colony dependent on slave labor Rice was the main crop Northern and southern part very different - few lived in the southern part because of diseases - split into North and South Carolina in 1712

New York Began as a Dutch colony (New Netherland)
Taken over by England in 1664 and King gave to his brother, the Duke of York

Pennsylvania Founded by William Penn Quaker
Individuals received an “inner light” No class distinctions Pacifist No hired ministers Rejected concept of original sin and predestination Women could transmit the truth of God’s word Penn attracted settlers by sending agents throughout Europe to advertise

Georgia Founded after the Restoration – James Oglethorpe
Chief motives for founding was to create a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas and to create a haven for English debtors Grew slowly because: Charter stipulated that no one could own enough land to develop a large-scale plantation Slavery prohibited

Where were the Spanish? Main limitation of the Spanish was their unwillingness to develop colonial settlements – preferred to bring home quick profits New Mexico Pueblo Revolt – an uprising of several villages across New Mexico – Spanish left for more than a decade Florida English and French in close proximity

5 reasons why the situation of the Indians deteriorated after 1660:
Land lust of the English colonists grew Religious differences between the Indians and English Cultural differences about land use, gender roles, and language Both sides were willing to use violence to resolve conflict European powers were viciously protective of their New World holdings and their battleground was often the New World

Middle ground where trading took place and the two groups operated as equals Beaver Wars pitted Indian against Indian rather than the Indians against the British Metacom’s War Plymouth, Mass. Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut Metacom killed in battle – head placed on a stake and let stand in Plymouth town square for 25 years

Bacon’s Rebellion (Virginia)
Initiated because he was upset over Governor Berkeley’s failure to quell Indian raids in the county Rebellion caused Berkeley to support laws known as Bacon’s Laws Granted the franchise to all freemen Election for members of the legislature Greater representation in taxation These laws reduced the influence of the ruling elite in Virginia Bacon’s Rebellion resulted in: The Indians being pushed further west

The cultivation of sugar is labor intensive, and once the Europeans had exhausted and exterminated native population in the West Indies and South America, Europeans began to import African Slaves to the New World.

Problems with indentured servants:
Many ran away once they landed in the New World Many died because of the climate Habitually sick and unable to work Earned their freedom after a time Less people willing to become indentured because England's economy improved

The first major law concerning slavery in the colonies stipulated that the condition of the mother determined the condition of the child 1664 Maryland enacted an “anti-amalgamation” law that outlawed interracial sex and marriage Slave codes : laws that governed the lives of the slave and how they were to be treated

Only two significant French settlements in North America were Quebec and New Orleans.

Chapter 4 Expansion and Control

4 distinct regions that had developed by 1700
New England Massachusetts Rhode Island New Hampshire Connecticut Middle New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Chesapeake Maryland Virginia Southern North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

New England Diversified farming: a single home could farm many different crops that would sustain the household throughout the year Lived in town and walked to their fields Livestock allowed to graze on community-owned land Grew surplus agricultural goods to trade for tools and other finished goods

Some small industries developed around New England’s two principal products: fish and timber
1/3 of all ships used by England were built in New England by the mid 1700s

Triangular Trade: trade between the colonies, Africa, and the West Indies

Most of New England’s increase in population attributed to high birthrate in the colonies

natural aristocracy Merchants and wealthy landholders who made their fortunes in the New World and were not deemed special because of their titles Dominated economic affairs and owned an increasingly larger and larger percentage of the area’s wealth Commercial middlemen, farmers, and artisans constituted the middle class (majority of pop.) Slaves at bottom of social structure

halfway covenants Prosperity weakened the Puritan religion
Baptized individuals who had never had a personal conversion to Christ were counted as partial members of the church and were allowed to have their children baptized. Used to keep religion alive and bring more people back into the fold

Salem Witchcraft Trials (1692)
Had some basis in the fear and anxiety over how much society was changing 20 executed

Division of Labor Despite the decline of the church’s importance, the slow growth of the cities, and the rise of New England, commerce helped New Englanders maintain their commitment to family life. Sexual division of labor continued: women remained in charge of “indoor affairs” (raising children, preparing food, cleaning house, doing laundry) men took charge of “outdoor affairs” (cultivating fields, chopping wood, and conducting the daily business transactions, such as buying horses and selling crops)

Middle Colonies Warmer climate
Farms larger and farmers lived on their farms rather than in the village Wheat was the biggest export New York and Philadelphia were the two seaports that were the hubs of commerce Immigrants from Scotland, Ireland, Germany, and England Had the most diverse population

The Chesapeake Economy: Tobacco was the chief crop
Farmers did not diversify Hardly any developed industries Cities failed to develop People settled on farms rather than in cities or towns

Everyday Life Many more men than women until 1700 High death rate After 1675, slavery replaced indentured servitude as the preferred type of labor (40% by 1760) Declining number of indentured servants mean the eventual decline of a class of free white people -- few in the middle class Anglican Church prominent

The Southern Colonies Economy
Only two towns of any size were established – life was so miserable that few colonists resided there permanently Staple crops were tobacco, rice, and indigo – cotton only after 1793 and the invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney Large plantations with slave labor Little industrial development – relied on trade with England for their industrial goods

Life Life expectancy short – many died before they were twenty – for the most part, those who could live elsewhere did Wealthy usually owned two homes: one on their plantation (where they spent little time), and one in either Charleston or Savannah Depth of religious commitment shallow Interest in public education limited – wealthy sent children to England to be educated Stono Rebellion – strict slave codes – few slave revolts

The American Enlightenment
A movement to prioritize the human capacity for reason as the highest form of human attainment Questioning of many religious beliefs John Locke : “natural rights” of life, liberty, and property Adam Smith: laws of supply and demand Education America’s first college – Harvard Freedom of the press – John Peter Zenger

The Great Awakening America’s first large-scale religious revival
Emphasized the notion that individuals could find heaven if they worked hard enough (not just if they were predestined) and that allowed emotional expressions of religion

African Slavery Majority of slaves that came to New world went to colonies controlled by Spain and Portugal Middle passage journey across the Atlantic Ocean kept below deck, away from fresh air sick slaves thrown overboard to try to prevent diseases force-fed many different languages trip was 4 to 8 weeks one in four died during the trip

Slavery most common in the Southern Colonies and the Chesapeake, but was legal in all English colonies Stono Rebellion South Carolina Newly arrived slaves stole guns and headed towards Florida – killed whites Negro Act passed in South Carolina, which consolidated all of the separate slave codes into one code that forbade slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, or learning to read

Attempted Expansion of English Control
Salutary neglect A hands-off style of relations between the Crown and the colonies The Crown would essentially ignore governance of its colonies and enforcement of its trade laws so long as the colonies continued to provide England with sufficient cash and produce. Glorious Revolution of 1688 William and Mary’s ascension to the throne of England For the colonist, the result was looser governance by the Crown and the removal of many of the proprietors who had founded the colonies

The French and Indian War (1754-1763)
English colonists moved deeper into the Ohio Valley, infuriating the French George Washington sent to deter French from building forts but defeated Known as Seven Year’s War in Europe Albany Congress Meeting of colonies to discuss the upcoming war Albany Plan: concept for the first-ever colonial union, drafted by Benjamin Franklin – failed because colonist felt allegiance only to their particular colony Treaty of Paris (1763) Ended the War English won France evicted from North America England got Canada and land to the Mississippi Spain got Louisiana

Pan Indianism Many of the tribes of Native America shifted from favoring a tribal identity to assuming a racial one – especially true in the northwest Pontiac’s Rebellion Significant because both natives and English were brutal English attempted to introduce smallpox Indians deliberately poisioned drinking water

Macchu Picchu

Mayan numerical system

Anasazi dwellings

Pizarro

Cortez

John Calvin

Martin Luther

Virginia

Connecticut

Georgia

Massachusetts

Maryland

North South Carolina

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

Pennsylvania Delaware

Rhode Island

Tenochtitlan

astrolabe

HIST 1301 UNIT 1 Chapters 1,2,3,4.

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HIST 1301 UNIT 1 Chapters 1,2,3,4.

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